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Phisiology Hope > Cell and Molecular Physiology > Flashcards

Cell and Molecular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment compatible with life

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Total Body Weight

A

60% of body weight

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3
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

40% of body weight

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4
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

20% of body weight

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5
Q

also called the internal environment of the body, or the milieu intérieur

A

Extracellular Fluid

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6
Q
  • large amounts of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions

* nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

A

Extracellular Fluid

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7
Q
  • large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
  • special mechanisms for transporting ions through the cell membranes maintain the ion concentration differences between ECF and ICF
A

Intracellular Fluid

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8
Q

considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis

A

Disease

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9
Q

Fast; neurons; electrical impulse; external environment; for nervous coordination

A

Nervous Control

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10
Q

Slow; hormones; organic message; internal environment; for chemical coordination

A

Hormonal Control

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11
Q

Is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

separated from the surrounding fluids by a cell membrane or plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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13
Q

collective term for different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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14
Q

Five basic substances of Protoplasm

A 
O	Water
O	Electrolytes
O	Proteins
O	Lipids
O	Carbohydrates
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15
Q

25% of Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

Plasma

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16
Q

75% of Extracellular Fluid

A

Interstitial Fluid

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17
Q
  • principal fluid medium of the cell

* present in most cells, except for fat cells, in a concentration of 70-85 percent

A

Water

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18
Q
  • inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

* necessary for operation of some of the cellular control mechanisms

A

Electrolytes / Ions

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19
Q

• constitute 10 to 20 percent of the cell mass

A

Protein

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20
Q

Proteins can be divided into

A

O Structural Proteins

O Functional Proteins

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21
Q

• long intracellular filaments that form microtubules and fibrillar proteins

EXAMPLES

  • cytoskeleton of cellular organelles
  • fibrillar proteins in collagen and elastin fibers
A

Structural Proteins

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22
Q

Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular form

EXAMPLES:
- Enzymes

A

Functional Proteins

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23
Q

Substances that catalyze specific intracellular chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

How fast can enzyme speed up chemical reactions?

A

10^6

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25
Q

Soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water; Eg. Phospholipids and Cholesterol, Triglycerides

A

Lipids

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26
Q
  • 2% of total cell mass

- forms the cell membrane and membrane barriers

A

Phospholipids and Cholesterol

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27
Q
  • in fat cells, constitutes 95% of the cell mass
  • storehouse of energy-giving nutrients
  • also called as neural fat
A

Triglycerides

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28
Q
  • little structural function in the cell except as parts of glycoprotein molecule
  • play a major role in cellular nutrition
A

Carbohydrates

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29
Q
  • also called plasma membrane
  • thin, pliable, elastic structure (7.5 to 10 nm)
  • its basic structure is a lipid bilayer
A

Cell Membrane

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30
Q

Most abundant of the cell membrane lipids

A

Phospholipids

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31
Q
  • mainly help determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble constituents of body fluids
  • controls much of the fluidity of the membrane
A

Cholesterol

32
Q
  • Act as Guardian of the Cell
  • Made up of a lipid bilayer (Fluid Mosaic Model)
  • Divides the body into ECF and ICF compartments
A

Cell Membrane

33
Q
  • phosphate end of each phospholipid soluble in water (hydrophilic end)
  • fatty acid end soluble only in fats (hydrophobic end)
  • repelled by water but are mutually attracted to one another
  • natural tendency to attach to one another in the middle of the membrane
A

Phospholipid Bilayer

34
Q

Possession of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties make phospholipids ____ molecules

A

Amphipathic

35
Q

2 Types of Cell Membrane Proteins

A
  1. Integral Proteins

2. Peripheral Proteins

36
Q
  • anchored and embedded in the cell membrane through hydrophobic interactions
  • may span the cell membrane (transmembrane proteins)
A

Integral Proteins

37
Q
  • not embedded in the cell membrane
  • are not covalently bound to membrane components
  • loosely attached to the cell membrane by electrostatic interactions
A

Peripheral Proteins

38
Q
  • loose carbohydrate coat of the cell membrane

* carbohydrates in combination with proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids)

A

Glycocalyx

39
Q

Are carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores

A

Proteoglycans

40
Q

Functions of the glycocalyx include:

A

o imparts a negative electrical charge
o attachment to glycocalyx of other cells
o receptor substances for binding hormones
o immune reactions

41
Q
  • specialized cellular subunit found in the cytoplasm that has a specific function
  • usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer (membrane-bound)
  • may be identified by microscopy or purified by cell fractionation
A

Cellular Organelles

42
Q

The jelly-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm in which particles are dispersed

A

Cytosol

43
Q
  • network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm
  • space inside the tubules and vesicles is filled with endoplasmic matrix
  • space inside the endoplasmic reticulum is connected with the space between the two membrane surfaces of the nuclear membrane
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

44
Q
  • also called granular endoplasmic reticulum

* large numbers of ribosomes are attached to the outer surfaces; function in protein synthesis

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

45
Q

o Aka agranular endoplasmic reticulum
o has no attached ribosomes
o Functions: Detoxification of substances and Lipid Synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

46
Q

Protein synthesis bound for Cell membrane, lysosomes and outside of the cell

A

Ribosomes in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

47
Q

create protein bound for the cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondria and cytoplasm

A

Free Floating Ribosomes

48
Q
  • closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus
  • functions include: packaging of proteins and molecular tagging
  • prominent in secretory cells
A

Golgi Apparatus

49
Q
  • vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus
  • intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular structures, food particles and bacteria
  • called suicide bags of cells
A

Lysosomes

50
Q

Programmed cell death/cell suicide; doesn’t have inflammation

A

Apoptosis

51
Q

not programmed cell death; positive for inflammation

A

Necrosis

52
Q

• differences with lysosomes: formed by self-replication or budding from SER; and contain oxidase and catalase enzymes
• functions include:
o oxidizes many poisonous substances
o degrades free radicals that may damage cells

A

Peroxisomes

53
Q

• also called secretory granules
• formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system
• functions include
- storage for enzymes that are not yet activated
- replenish the plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles

A

Secretory Vesicles

54
Q

storage for enzymes that are not yet activated

A

Proenzymes

55
Q
  • Powerhouse of the cell

- forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP) the universal energy currency

A

Mitochondria

56
Q

Unique Characteristics of Mitochondria

A
  • self-replicative
  • does NOT follow genetic code
  • mitochondrial DNA is purely maternally-derived
57
Q
  • fibrillar proteins synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  • function is to provide rigid physical support for certain parts of cells (intracellular scaffolding)
A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q
  • control center of the cell

* contains large quantities of DNA (genes)

A

Nucleus

59
Q

• also called nuclear envelope
• two separate bilayer membranes
o outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell cytoplasm

• penetrated by several thousand nuclear pores
o large complexes of protein molecules are attached
o allow molecules up to 44,000 molecular weight to
pass through with reasonable ease

A

Nuclear Membrane

60
Q
  • unlike most other organelles, does not have a limiting membrane
  • accumulation of large amounts of RNA and ribosomal proteins
  • becomes considerably enlarged when the cell is actively synthesizing protein
A

Nucleolus

61
Q

Assembly Factory

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

62
Q

Mr. Clean

A

Smooth ER

63
Q

Post Office

A

Golgi Apparatus

64
Q

Suicide Bag

A

Lysosomes

65
Q

Taxi

A

Secretory Vesicles

66
Q

Powerplant

A

Mitochondria

67
Q

Command Center

A

Nucleus

68
Q

Scaffolding

A

Cytoskeleton

69
Q
  • secretory vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, extruding their contents outside the cell
  • Ca2+-dependent process
A

Exocytosis

70
Q
  • molecules are absorbed and internalized by coating with membrane phospholipids forming a vesicle that detaches from cell membrane
  • Maybe Phagocytosis or Pinocytosis
A

Endocytosis

71
Q

Also known as cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

72
Q

Process of Phagocytosis

A
  • contact
  • invagination
  • invagination pinches off from cell membrane
  • formation of membrane-enclosed vacuole
73
Q

♣ also known as cell drinking
♣ primarily for absorption of extracellular fluids
♣ involves vesicles much smaller in size
♣ requires considerable amounts of ATP

A

Pinocytosis

74
Q
  • “Crawling” movement; E.g. WBC
A

Amoeboid Movement

75
Q
  • “To-and-fro” whip-like movement; E.g. Respiratory Epithelium and Fallopian Tubes
A

Ciliary Movement

76
Q
  • “rotatory” movement; E.g. flagella of the sperm cell
A

Flagellar Movement

Phisiology Hope (7 decks)

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