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Gen Path Test 2 > RBC Disorders > Flashcards

RBC Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia:

Reduction in ___ and ____

Impaired _____ (____)

A

Red cell count and hemoglobin/hematocrit.

Tissue oxygenation (shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, pallor)

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2
Q

Anemia Mechanism

RBC Loss =

Decreased RBC survival =

Decreased RBC production =

A

Hemorrhage (acute, chronic)

Hemolysis

Nutrional deficiencies, aplastic anemia, myelophthistic processes

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3
Q

Lab Test:

CBC -
Iron indices

A

RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, Hb, and Hb concentration

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4
Q

Hemolysis work up

Bilirubin, _____, LDH, _____ test, plasma _____, ______ electrophoresis

A

Haptopglobin, coombs test, plasma hemoglobin, hemoglobin electrophoresis

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5
Q

Acute Hemorrhage

Young healthy adult can tolerate up to _____ of rapid blood with no symptoms, loss of ______ produces shock.

Once blood loss is controlled ______ redistributes to re-expand ______

A

1000 mL
2000 mL

interstitial fluid, vascular volume

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6
Q

Chronic Hemorrhage

Rate of RBC ____ exceeds rate of _____

Secondary to _____ in _____ or ______ that leads to iron deficiency

A

Loss, regeneration.

Chronic bleeding in GI or menorrharia

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7
Q

Hemolysis:

Intravascular = Destruction of RBC within ____

Extravascular = destruction of RBCs within ______

A

Circulation.

Reticuloendothelial system (tissue macrophages of spleen and liver)

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8
Q

Intravascular Hemolysis

Immune = _____

Non-immune = _____

Decreased ____, _____, _______, hemosiderinuria, hyper_____, ______

A

Transfusion reaction.

Mechanical trauma (defective heart valve)

Haptoglobin, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, hyperbilirubinemia, reticulocytosis

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9
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

Immune - ______

3 types

A

Extrinsic defects

Erythroblastosis fetalis, transfusion reaction, autoimmune

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10
Q

Extravascular Hemolysis

Non-immune = _____

3 types:

Decreased ____, ______, ______

May have _____

A

Intrinsic defects

RBC membrane defects, hemoglobinopathies, metabolic defects

Haptoglobin, hyperbilirubinemia, reticulocytosis

Hepatosplenomegaly

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11
Q

Intrinsic Defects: membrane

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Abnormality of ____, a structural protein of red cell ____.

RBCs are ______

_____ helps symptoms and _____

Red cells remain _____

A

Spectrin, cytoskeleton

Less deformable (cant squeeze through splenic sinusoids = destroyed)

Splenectomy, anemia

Abnormal (spheres)

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12
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia (Intrinsic defect, hemoglobinopathies)

Low _____ induces _____ polymerization and a sickled shape.

Cells rigid and prone to splenic sequestration.

Get trapped in ____ leading to _____

______ and ____ are two leading causes of ischemia related death

A

Oxygen tension, hemoglobin S

microcirculation, ischemia/infarction

Acute chest syndrome, stroke

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13
Q

Intrinsic defect Sickle Cell Anemia

____ to ____ anemia

Symptoms = _____, _____

Auto______

Sickle cell trait = Hemoglobin ___, aymptomatic, sickle cells absent

A

Moderate, severe

Hyperbilirubinemia, reticulocytosis

Autosplenectomy

AS

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14
Q

Intrinsic defect Thalassemia:

Quantitative defect in synthesis of ____ or ___

Either ____ or ____ cause

Decreased ____ production = anemia.

Ineffective erythropoiesis in bone marrow.

______ hemolysis

A

alpha or beta globin chains.

Point mutation, gene deletion.

Globin production.

Extravascular

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15
Q

Thalassemia:

Variable degrees of anemia.

___ and ____ anemia.

Target cells = ______

Protective against malaria

A

Microcytic, hypochromic

Basophilic stippling

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16
Q

Intrinsic Defect - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

______ inheritance
RBC susceptible to ___ injury by drugs etc

RBC membrane less ____ and subjected to ______ in spleen.

____ cells = cytomorphologic hallmark

A

X-linked, oxidant

Flexible, extravascular hemolysis

Bite

17
Q

Hemolytic dz of Newborn:

Occurs _____

______ incompatibility due to fetus RBC antigens from _____

Fetal _____ enter maternal circulation = _____

Maternal ____ can cross

A

in utero.

Blood group, father.

Red cells, sensitization.

IgG

18
Q

Hemolytic Dz of newborn:

______ due to ______

___ and ___ are most common

_____ given to O negative

______ of group O mothers are at risk

A

Extravascular hemolysis, extrinsic defect

ABO and Rh

Anti-D

A and B infants

19
Q

Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction:

Follows transfusion of ABO _____ RBCs into sensitized patient

Ab binds to transfused cells w/ ____ = _____ of RBCs

Also can have delayed hemolytic transfusion rx = _______

A

incompatible.

complement activation, intravascular lysis of RBCs

Extravascular hemolysis

20
Q

Autoimmune Hemolysis:

AutoAB to RBCs = lysed via ____ (____), removed by ______ (____)

______ = hallmark of this dz

Positive direct ______

A

Complement activation (intravascular hemolysis)

Reticuloendothelial system (extravascular hemolysis)

Spherocytes

Coomb’s test

21
Q

Extrinsic Defects = Non-immune Mechanical Trauma

Cardiac Valve prosthesis = RBCs _____ by increased ______ from abnormal valves

DIC = RBCs lysed as they pass through ____ in ______

_____ (_____) = indicate hemolysis due to mechanical trauma

A

Fragmented, turbulence

fibrin clots/strands, microcirculation

Schistocytes (RBC fragments)

22
Q

Extrinsic Defects: non-immune infection

Parasites like _____ can infect red blood cells = lysis

______ hemolysis

A

Malaria

Intravascular

23
Q

Nutrional Deficiencies anemia

Iron deficiency (_____)

B12 and Folate = ______

A

Most common basis for anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

24
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia Lab

A

Microcytic (low MCV) red cells

Hypochromic (low MCHC)

Decreased serum ferritin and iron

Absent reticulocyte response

25
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

Caused by ____ and ____ deficiency

Involved in synthesis of ____

Impaired DNA synthesis = delay in _____

____ does not mature appropriately, cytoplasmic maturation fine

A

folate and B12

thymidine

mitotic division

Nucleus

26
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia:

Abnormally large ____ precursors (Increased ____, ______ neutriphils)

Decreased mature RBC production = ______

A

Red and white cell precursors, hypersegmented neutrophils!

Absent reticulocyte response

27
Q

Folate - body stores are ____

B12 - body stores are ____

A

Small

Large

28
Q

Pernicious Anemia

Caused by autoantibodies to ____ and _____

____ associated with ____ gastritis

Associated with loss of _____, ______ and ____

A

Parietal cells and intrinsic factor.

B12 deficiency, atrophic

gastric parietal cells, achlorhydria and deficient IF

29
Q

Aplastic Anemia:

_____ with markedly decreased _____

Either idiopathic (half) or caused by drugs (___), toxins (____) or _____

A

Pancytopenia, bone marrow cellularity

Chloramphenicol, benzene, viral hepatitis

30
Q

Aplastic Anemia:

Acquired _____ defect with decreased production of _____

Probably involve suppression of ____ by ____

_____ performed in younger patients

A

Stem cell, all types of blood cells

Stem cells, T cells

Bone marrow transplant

Gen Path Test 2 (4 decks)

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