Environmental Pathology Flashcards
Injury from chemical agents:
Children account for over ____ percent of incidences
CLADME
60%
Concentration, liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Minor =
Major =
Rashes, GI upset.
Anaphylaxis, blood clots, arrhythmias, hematologic anemia thrombocytopenia leukopenia
Aspirin:
Kids = ___ grams is fatal or intentional overdose in ____
2-4 grams, adolescents/adults
Acetaminophen:
Overdose with large ingestions = ____ grams
Causes _____ and may result in ______
20 grams, liver damage, liver failure/death
Exogenous Estrogens:
Long term use associated with
Breast cancer, strokes and blood clots
Lead:
___ of Pb taken up by ____ and ______.
Competes with ____ and interferes with remodeling = _____ on x-rays
_______ - “lead line” of soft tissue
85%, bones and developing teeth
Calcium, Lead lines
Gingival hyperpigmentation
Lead:
PB blocks/hinders incorporation of ____ into ____.
Develops _____
_____ disturbances
____drop and ____drop in adults
Iron, hemoglobin.
Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic)
Neurological
Wrist, foot
Lead:
GI tract =
Kidneys =
Pb threshold in blood =
Colicky pain, severe not localized.
damages tubules, fibrosis, renal failure.
> 5 microgram/dL
Chelation therapy when > 45
Burns - Rule of ____
Head and neck = \_\_\_ Trunk Front/Back = \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ Arms = \_\_\_\_ Legs = Perineum =
9's 18%, 18% 9%, 1 % for hands 18% each leg 1%
Burns:
____ of the burn
Potential internal injuries from inhalation of ___ or ___
____ of patient
_____ and ____ of treatment
Depth.
fumes, hot gases
Age
Speed and quality
Clinical of Burns:
If >____ % bsa involved = grave prognosis
_____ common when >20% involved= ____, ____, ____ and _____
Internal injuries damage from CO and HCN = URT/LRT and ______
50%
Shock, massive fluid shift (hypovolemia), infections, electrolyte and nutrition (hypermetabolic)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Hyperthermia:
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion (shock due to rapid hypovolemia), heat stroke
Heat Stroke
Temps > _____ C, peripheral _____, ______, ______, _______, _______.
DIC = ________
40.
Vasodilation, confusion, coma, ischemia, muscle necrosis.
High mortality rate
Hypothermia
Mild = ___-____
Moderate = _____-_____
Severe =
32-35C
28-32C
< 28c
Bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, loss of consciousness
Hypothermia
Frost bite occurs when temperature of extremities falls below _____
Cellularly, may lead to _____ (_____)
Indirect effect = _____, _____, long term may cause ____ and ____
Freezing.
cell damage (crystallization of water)
vasoconstriction, edema.
Atrophy and fibrosis
Radiation Injuries =
Direct damage to DNA
Indirect =
May be reversible or lead to ____ and ____
Production of free radicals that can damage membranes, nucleic acids, enzymes.
Cell death, fibrosis
Radiation=
Single dental intraoral =
Con beam =
Occupation exposure less than _____
- 002
- 02-0.08
50 mSv/yr
Radiation organ system - Skin
______ 2-3 days
____ 2-3 weeks
______ 4-6 weeks
_____, ______, _____ months to decades
Erythema, edema, blistering desquamation
Atrophy, fibrosis, neoplasia
Radiation Organ system - Hematopoetic
Lymphocytes decrease in ____, rebound in _____
____ and ____ shrink in size
_____ decrease over 1-2 weeks, rebound in ______
Platelets/RBC also down
Hours, weeks/months.
Lymph node, spleen
PMNs, 2-3 months
Susceptible to infections!
Total Body radiation:
Lethal range begins at ____ and at ____ death is certain
2, 7
Acute Radiation Syndromes:
Hematopoietic = ___-___ Sv, decreased ____, hair loss, _____, ____ and bleeding, death _____ weeks
2-10, WBS, infections, sepsis.
2-6 weeks
GI Acute radiation syndrome
___-____ sv: _____, ______, _____, _____. Death ___to___
10-20
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, shock, sepsis.
5-14 days
Cerebral ARS:
> _____ Sv. _____, ______, ______.
Death ___to____
50 sv.
listlessness, drowsiness, seizures, coma.
1-4 hrs
Primary Malnutrition
Diet deficient in 1 or more compounds
