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Gen Path Test 2 > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Injury from chemical agents:
Children account for over ____ percent of incidences
CLADME

A

60%

Concentration, liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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2
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions:

Minor =

Major =

A

Rashes, GI upset.

Anaphylaxis, blood clots, arrhythmias, hematologic anemia thrombocytopenia leukopenia

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3
Q

Aspirin:

Kids = ___ grams is fatal or intentional overdose in ____

A

2-4 grams, adolescents/adults

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4
Q

Acetaminophen:

Overdose with large ingestions = ____ grams

Causes _____ and may result in ______

A

20 grams, liver damage, liver failure/death

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5
Q

Exogenous Estrogens:

Long term use associated with

A

Breast cancer, strokes and blood clots

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6
Q

Lead:
___ of Pb taken up by ____ and ______.

Competes with ____ and interferes with remodeling = _____ on x-rays

_______ - “lead line” of soft tissue

A

85%, bones and developing teeth

Calcium, Lead lines

Gingival hyperpigmentation

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7
Q

Lead:

PB blocks/hinders incorporation of ____ into ____.

Develops _____

_____ disturbances

____drop and ____drop in adults

A

Iron, hemoglobin.

Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic)

Neurological

Wrist, foot

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8
Q

Lead:

GI tract =

Kidneys =

Pb threshold in blood =

A

Colicky pain, severe not localized.

damages tubules, fibrosis, renal failure.

> 5 microgram/dL

Chelation therapy when > 45

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9
Q

Burns - Rule of ____

Head and neck = \_\_\_
Trunk Front/Back = \_\_\_  and \_\_\_
Arms = \_\_\_\_
Legs = 
Perineum =
A 
9's
18%, 18%
9%, 1 % for hands
18% each leg
1%
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10
Q

Burns:

____ of the burn

Potential internal injuries from inhalation of ___ or ___

____ of patient

_____ and ____ of treatment

A

Depth.

fumes, hot gases

Age

Speed and quality

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11
Q

Clinical of Burns:

If >____ % bsa involved = grave prognosis

_____ common when >20% involved= ____, ____, ____ and _____

Internal injuries damage from CO and HCN = URT/LRT and ______

A

50%
Shock, massive fluid shift (hypovolemia), infections, electrolyte and nutrition (hypermetabolic)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

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12
Q

Hyperthermia:

A

Heat cramps, heat exhaustion (shock due to rapid hypovolemia), heat stroke

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13
Q

Heat Stroke

Temps > _____ C, peripheral _____, ______, ______, _______, _______.

DIC = ________

A

40.

Vasodilation, confusion, coma, ischemia, muscle necrosis.

High mortality rate

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14
Q

Hypothermia

Mild = ___-____
Moderate = _____-_____
Severe =

A

32-35C
28-32C
< 28c

Bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, loss of consciousness

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15
Q

Hypothermia

Frost bite occurs when temperature of extremities falls below _____

Cellularly, may lead to _____ (_____)

Indirect effect = _____, _____, long term may cause ____ and ____

A

Freezing.

cell damage (crystallization of water)

vasoconstriction, edema.

Atrophy and fibrosis

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16
Q

Radiation Injuries =

Direct damage to DNA
Indirect =

May be reversible or lead to ____ and ____

A

Production of free radicals that can damage membranes, nucleic acids, enzymes.

Cell death, fibrosis

17
Q

Radiation=

Single dental intraoral =

Con beam =

Occupation exposure less than _____

A
  1. 002
  2. 02-0.08

50 mSv/yr

18
Q

Radiation organ system - Skin

______ 2-3 days
____ 2-3 weeks
______ 4-6 weeks
_____, ______, _____ months to decades

A

Erythema, edema, blistering desquamation

Atrophy, fibrosis, neoplasia

19
Q

Radiation Organ system - Hematopoetic

Lymphocytes decrease in ____, rebound in _____
____ and ____ shrink in size
_____ decrease over 1-2 weeks, rebound in ______
Platelets/RBC also down

A

Hours, weeks/months.

Lymph node, spleen

PMNs, 2-3 months

Susceptible to infections!

20
Q

Total Body radiation:

Lethal range begins at ____ and at ____ death is certain

A

2, 7

21
Q

Acute Radiation Syndromes:

Hematopoietic = ___-___ Sv, decreased ____, hair loss, _____, ____ and bleeding, death _____ weeks

A

2-10, WBS, infections, sepsis.

2-6 weeks

22
Q

GI Acute radiation syndrome

___-____ sv: _____, ______, _____, _____. Death ___to___

A

10-20
vomiting, bloody diarrhea, shock, sepsis.

5-14 days

23
Q

Cerebral ARS:

> _____ Sv. _____, ______, ______.
Death ___to____

A

50 sv.

listlessness, drowsiness, seizures, coma.

1-4 hrs

24
Q

Primary Malnutrition

A

Diet deficient in 1 or more compounds

25
Q

Secondary Malnutrition

A

Problem w/ absorption, storage, utilization, losses, drug effects

26
Q

Protein Energy Malnutrition:

Common in _____, up to _____ of children. Major cause of _____ in kids < ____ yrs

Major disorders: _____ and ______

A

Developing countries, 25%, morbidity, 5 yrs..

Marasmus, kwashiorkor

27
Q

_____ - skeletal muscles - more severely affected in ______ - skinfold thickness.

_____ - liver - more severely affected in _______ - serum proteins (_____ and _____)

When weight falls

A

Somatic, marasmus.

Visceral, kwashiorkor, Albumin and transferrin.

60% = marasmus

28
Q

Marasmus:

Extremeties appear ____ and head looks ____

A

Emaciated, too large.

Growth retardation, anemia, bradycardia, body temp decreased

Immune deficiencies = Thrush.

Serum albumin normal.

29
Q

Kwashiorkor:

Greater deficiency of ____ , more ____ than marasmus.

_____ protein compartment depleted.

______ - generalized edema

Weight normal but misleading due to _____

A

protein

Visceral

Low albumin

Edema

30
Q

Kwashiokor symptoms:

Skin changes - alternating zones of _____ (____)

Changes in hair ____

Liver = ______ due to _____

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies

Immune system defects = _____

Growth retardation

A

Hyper/hypopigementation (flaky paint)

texture/color

enlarged and fatty due to lack of transport proteins

infections

31
Q

Cachexia:

Form of PEM seen in _____

Due to _____ and ______ (_____)

A

Cancer patients.

Decreased appetite, increased catabolism = cytokine mediated (IL-1, IL-6, TNF)

32
Q

Which diseases associated with decreased absorption of Vitamins ADEK

A

Inflammatory bowl dz (Chrons), cystic fibrosis, alcoholic liver dz

33
Q

Vitamin A functions

Maintains _____ in _____

Augments _____ of specialized ______

Enhances ____ to ____

A

Vision in reduced light.

Differentiation of specialized epithelial cells (mucus secreting epithelium)

Immunity to infections

34
Q

Vitamin A deficiency:

Common in _______

Early sign =

Persistent deficiency = _____

_____ of respiratory and urinary tracts = ____ risk for _____ and _____

Impaired immunity = measles, pneumonia and infectious diarrhea

A

3rd world.

impaired night vision.

Dry eyes (cerosis and xerophthalmia)

Squamous metaplasia, increased risk for infections and stones.

Gen Path Test 2 (4 decks)

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