Raynaud’s Phenomenon Flashcards

1
Q

What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

A condition due to vasospasm of the digits characterized by a typical sequence of colour changes in response to a cold stimulus and often precipitated by stress.

The colour changes are: white - inadequate blood flow, blue - venous stasis, red - re-warming hyperaemia.

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2
Q

What is Raynaud’s syndrome?

A

Used when Raynaud’s phenomenon is idiopathic, common in young women, may improve with age, and may be familial.

Treatment includes measures to keep warm and avoid smoking.

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3
Q

What symptoms should alert you to underlying disease in Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

Symptoms developing over age 30 years, abnormal nail-fold capillaries, puffy fingers, or photosensitive rash.

These symptoms suggest a rheumatic cause.

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4
Q

List diseases associated with Raynaud’s phenomenon.

A
  • Scleroderma
  • SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
  • Dermatomyositis and polymyositis
  • Sjogren’s syndrome
  • Physical causes (e.g., use of heavy vibrating tools, cervical rib, ‘sticky’ blood)
  • Drug-induced (e.g., beta blockers)

RP symptoms developing after age 30 should raise suspicion for underlying conditions.

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5
Q

What are first-line and other treatments for Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A

Calcium-channel blockers

Other treatments may include phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, prostacyclins, and, to a lesser extent, angiotensin receptor antagonists, ACE inhibitors, SSRIs, systemic and topical nitrates.

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6
Q

What are common complications of Raynaud’s phenomenon?

A
  • Digital ulcers
  • Severe digital ischaemia
  • Infection
  • Gangrene

Episodes usually last minutes in Raynaud’s syndrome; pattern is symmetrical and bilateral; tissue necrosis is rare.

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7
Q

True or False: The episodes in Raynaud’s syndrome last for hours and often affect only a few digits.

A

False.

If there is underlying disease, episodes may last for hours and the pattern is often asymmetrical.

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8
Q

What is nail-fold capillaroscopy?

A

A non-invasive imaging tool useful in diagnosing scleroderma and dermatomyositis by evaluating structural changes in peripheral microcirculation.

It is available in many rheumatology units.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Treatment for Raynaud’s phenomenon includes keeping warm and _______.

A

[avoiding smoking].

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