Rational Recreation and Modern Day sport

Question 1

Characteristics of Rational recreation

Answer 1

• regular participation
• complex written rules
• high structured
• regionally and nationally based

Question 2

Contract to Compete

Answer 2

• the unwritten mutual agreement to abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport

Question 3

What is agreed in the contact to compete?

Answer 3

• abide by written and unwritten rules
• give 100%
• allow opponents to demonstrate their skill
• accept the codes of behaviour

Question 4

Evidence that Sportsmanship has declined

Answer 4

• increasing number of sports-related prosecutions
• more emphasis on winning
• wages/ sponsorship deals
• spectator behaviour creates an aggressive performance
• media hype

Question 5

Evidence to say Sportsmanship is being encouraged

Answer 5

• FairPlay schemes and campaigns
• positive role models
• better quality officials and tech
• positive values encouraged in early childhood
• punishments for negative behaviour

Question 6

Sportsmanship

Answer 6

• fairness and spirit of the game

Question 7

Gamesmanship

Answer 7

• bending the rules of the game to gain an advantage

Question 8

Amateurism, Athleticism and Olympism are still relevant in modern sport

Answer 8

• encourage respect for rules and regs
• moral values expressed in PE
• olympics biggest comp in world- it’s based around these factors
• Athletes considered and role models for children
• doping is illegal so much still remain the ethical values

Question 9

Ametherism, Athleticism and Olympicism is less relevant in modern sport

Answer 9

• traditional values can hinder that hunger for success
• Lombardian ethic- winning most important
• these values are of the past culture- the social values of the upper class
• commercialisation expresses the need to be good at sport
• pro sport more dominant

Question 10

The advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation

Answer 10

+
Codification

Transport links

New teams and national league

-
Loss of villages

No rural location

Traditional sport had to change to suit the new city

Long working weeks

Participation was expensive

Question 11

Why did factory owners establish clubs and organise teams?

Answer 11

• improve health and loyalty within workforce
• develop morale and social control
• conditions in the factory improved and allows half days somedays

Question 12

Olympism

Answer 12

• concept to balance mind and body to encourage effort, educational values and ethical behaviour
• improve health, patriotism and international understanding

Question 13

The Olympic Oath

Answer 13

• taken by all competitors

- they agree to respect and abide by the rules- show sportsmanship

Question 14

The Olympic Ideal- 6 goals

Answer 14

1) PERSONAL EXCELLENCE
- fight hard to show excellence

2) SPORT AS EDUCATION
- people learn a lot from participating- working with others

3) CULTURAL EXCHANGE
- learn about host cities and the cultures competing
- media coverage increasing outside countries

4) MASS PARTICIPATION
- sport is a human right for everyone regardless race, social class and sex
- boost grass roots sport

5) FAIR PLAY
- spirit of the game

6) INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
- tolerant approach to differences in cultures
-

Question 15

Characteristics of Popular Recreation

Answer 15

• occasional die to little free time
• having only a few unwritten rules
• participation based rather than spectator based
• physical force rather than skill
• many injuries
• lower class involvement limited structure

Question 16

Define Urbanisation

Answer 16

The process whereby the mass of the population changes its lifestyle from living in villages and rural areas to living in towns and cities

Question 17

Urban industrial factors influencing the development of rational recreation

Answer 17

• more free time- Saturday half day
• the railways- trips following
• spectatorism
• paid holidays
• factory teams and faculties

Question 18

What allowed for the increased status of professionals?

Answer 18

1) all classes compete- social class no longer a barrier
2) people respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top
3) high rewards through media and sponsorship
4) pros have more time to train
5) celebrity status/ more media coverage

Question 19

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century. [3 marks]

Answer 19

1) Development of rules/rational recreation/codification via public schools/universities/NGB
2) Development of leagues/competitions via public schools/universities/ clubs/NGB/factory teams/church teams/teams
3) Development of facilities/parks/public baths via philanthropists/factory owners/church/public schools/universities/government Acts
4) Controlled sport via administration/clubs/NGB/leadership roles
5) Development of morals/values/ethics via codes of
amateurism/athleticism/muscular Christianity/Olympism/
sportsmanship
6) Provided more leisure time/Wednesday half day/Saturday half
day/Bank Holiday allowed more spectators/time to participate/time to
play
7) Commercial sport/professional sport via agents/promoters/broken time
payments/paid
8) New sports via universities/manufacturing companies/Industrial
Revolution/inventors
9) Amateurism/Gentleman Amateur due to having time/money to play for
the love of it

Question 20

What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century English public schools
and the modern Olympic Games?
(3 marks)

Answer 20

A. Sportsmanship/respect for opponent/fairplay

B. Athleticism/physical eyndeavour with moral integrity

C. Follow unwritten rules of the sport/etiquette/code of conduct

D. Taking part is more important rather than winning/team loyalty as
well as individual success

E. No monetary prizes/winning for the glory/amateurism

F. Self-discipline/maximum effort/high commitment level

G. Natural ability – no drugs

Question 21

Explain how, during the 19th Century, ex-public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world.
(4 marks)

Answer 21

A. Impact of universities/old boys network led to codification/rules and regulations/clubs

B. Establishment of governing bodies led to regular competitions/leagues

C. Industrialists/employersdevelopedfactoryteams/facilities

D. Clergy developed church clubs/teams/YMCA/Boys Brigade

E. Officers used sport with Armed services/troops

F. (Ex-public school boys) travelled the British Empire and introduced
new sports

G. Philanthropists/social reformers built facilities/encouraged social
reform

H. Teachers/blues and some impact implied, eg taught sport

I. Politicians introduced Acts of Parliament for public provision of
facilities

Question 22

How might a performer break the contract to compete during a sporting contest? (3 marks)

Answer 22

A. Display gamesmanship/not sportsmanship/not fair play

B. Break the rules of the sport/injure other players/aggressive
behaviour

C. Not following the etiquette of the sport, eg shaking hands/racism

D. Drugs/doping

E. Not try their best to win, eg match fixing/weaker team selected

F. Disrespect officials and their decisions

Question 23

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th
century.
(4 marks)

Answer 23

A. Reduction of working hours/better wages (which allowed) increased time to ask attend matches/pay for leisure activities

B. Improvements in railways/transport (which allowed) easier access to events/able to attend matches played further away

C. Improved communication/media/newspapers/better literacy/more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models/celebrities/awareness of events

D. Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business/agents/social control/need to entertain the masses/encourage better social morals or equiv.

E. Creation of governing bodies/development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions/leagues/international events/standardised rules/regulations/codification/regular fixtures

F. Creation of teams from factories/churches/ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators/creation of sense of community

G. Emergence of professional teams/broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle/higher standard of play/local team to support

H. Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space/large population close together made spectating necessary/loss of mob games/growth of towns/cities

I. Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams/spectator team identity or equiv/develop new stadiums

Question 24

Why were the opportunities to compete within amateur sport restricted for the working class in the United Kingdom during the 19th century? (3 marks)

Answer 24

Class division between working class and middle/upp er class

2. Middle/upper class controlled sport/selected teams
3. Working class not able to afford cost/time to play
4. Amateurism (upper, middle class) dominant ethic/professionals (working class)
   looked down on
5. Membership restrictions to club/competitions/Manual Labour Clause
6. Lack of public provision/private space/facilities within state schools

Question 25

The nature of elite sport has altered dramatically since the 19th century.
What factors have led to an increase in the status of professional sports performers? (3 marks)

Answer 25

1. High standards of performance/excitement;
2. Higher media coverage/higher profile of athletes/role models/celebrity
   status/glamorous;
3. Professionals used to be working class/low status;
4. Social class no longer such a barrier to participation;
5. Society.s attitude/value materialistic rewards;
6. Lombardian ethic more dominant than the amateur ideal;
7. Seen as a .way out./upward social mobility. 3 marks

Question 26

Why did amateurs have a higher social status than professionals in the 19th century? (3 marks)

Answer 26

1. Concept devised by the middle/upper classes;
2. Controlled by the middle/upper classes through the development of
   clubs/societies/NGB/public schools/universities;

3.  Membership restrictions for working class professionals/Working class not
allowed to play with upper class;

4. E.g. exclusion clauses/fees;
5. Emphasised values of middle/upper classes/moral/civilised;
6. Athleticism/combination of physical and moral qualities/seen as morally
   superior to professional sport;
7. Supported by the church. 3 marks

Question 27

The Olympic Ideal proposes that ‘the most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part’.
With reference to the contract to compete why might many people feel, the Olympic Ideal has little relevance in the modern sporting arena? (4 marks)

Answer 27

1. Explanation of contract to compete . unwritten mutual agreement with opponents;
2. Winning is now the dominant ethic / Lombardian ethic / society has high
   expectations;
3. Highly paid/sponsorship deals/contracts/ bonuses depends on result;
4. Many performers break rules/commit fouls/violent play;
5. May resort to extreme measures such as doping;
6. May not play to best of ability/match fixing;
7. May not allow other to play to the best of their ability;
8. Break the ethics/etiquette linked to game/lack of sportsmanship/ discrimination;
   Sport & Physical Education - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2007 June series
   5
9. Over-train/play with injury;
10. Increased number of sports related prosecutions.

Question 28

.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the extent and nature of a person’s participation in sport were influenced by their social class & gender.
a) Describe the differences in the sports played and the roles undertaken by the upper/middle classes & the working classes. Illustrate your answers with examples.

Answer 28

Upper Class – refined games with complex rules such as real tennis and fencing. Also went hunting, fishing, athletics. Taught sports to public school boys and to other countries. Gentlemen amateur – played sport for pleasure – FAIR PLAY. Girls were playing tennis & cricket.

Middle Class – Invented hockey, badminton, tennis

Working Class – mob games that were violent, unruly, disorganised such as mob football. They were either professional players (A sports performer who is paid to play their sport) or spectators – started having Saturdays afternoons off work to go and spectate. Women would not be professionals.

Question 29

In today’s society the majority of people have access to a variety of sporting activities.
Explain how the leisure opportunities for the working classes improved during the 19th
century in terms of provision. (7 marks)

Answer 29

A. (Increased time) Factory Reform Act ts/more time available/shorter working hours/Saturday half day/Wednesday early closing/Bank Holidays/ machine time

B. (More money) increased wages/broken time payments/ access to professional sport

C. Factory owners established clubs/facilities

D. Churches/Youth Movements established clubs/teams/scouts/Boys Brigade/facilities

E. Public provision/parks/public baths/Municipal Reform Act/Government provision

F. Philanthropists provided new facilities/libraries/ working men’s clubs or eq./Muscular Christianity/social reform

G. Better communication links/trains easier to visit areas/matches/events

H. New towns developed eg seaside resorts/ countryside

I. New sports developed/rational sports/structured sport/codified

J. National Governing body established/formation of leagues and cup competitions/regular competition

K. (Social class changes) more working class allowed access to previously restricted competition/lifting of Manual Labour Clause/ Middle class encouraged working class sport

L. Increased opportunity for spectatorism

M. Increased media coverage/newspapers led to greater knowledge and awareness

Question 30

What’s the difference between sportsmanship and gamesmanship?

Answer 30

1) sportsmanship- playing by the unwritten rules/ fair play

2) gamesmanship- art of winning games by cunning means/ breaking the rules

Question 31

b) Discuss the reasons why people from the working class had fewer opportunities to participate than those from the upper & middle classes ​​​(3 mark)

Answer 31

Worked 12 hour days 6 days a weekend

• Sunday was the day off but it’s the day of rest- church day
• Now live in cities did not have village rivalry
• Lack of space
• Lack of money

Question 32

Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in sportsmanship since the late 19th Century and outline strategies that the sporting authorities have used in an attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour. (14 marks)

Answer 32

Agree
A. Explanationofsportsmanship–unwrittenrulesof etiquette/fairplay/spirit of the game/suitable example
B. 19th century sport run by middle/upper class/elite performers were amateur/amateur sport was dominant
C. Basedonconceptofamateurism–playingforloveof sport/ not paid
D. Basedonconceptofathleticism–physicalendeavour and moral integrity
E. (During 20th century) professionalism increased/greater extrinsic rewards/more money involved/more commercialisation
F. Greater pressure from media/national expectation/media encourages copying of poor role models
G. Increase in win at all cost attitude/Lombardian ethic
H. Causedanincreaseingamesmanship–bendingthe
rules
I. (Increase in) doping/violent play/cheating/abusive
language/match fixing/deviancy/prosecutions
Disagree
J. Sportsmanship promoted at events eg Olympics/Olympism/ Olympic Ideal
K. Performersarerolemodelsandunderstandtheir responsibility
L. Greater need to maintain image to retain sponsors/ commercial deals/image of sport
M. (during 19th Century) corruption was part of sport/may not have declined just now more widely reported in the media
Strategies
N. Campaignstopromotesportsmanship/Respect/Fairplay Awards/Sporting ethics promoted within schools/clubs/ education
O. Better officials/citing after game/better technology to help officials/fourth official
P. Ruleschangedtopromotefairplay
Q. (On the field) – penalties/sin bins/bookings
R. (Offthefield)–fines/bans
S. Punishtheclub–deductpoints/matchesbehindclosed
doors
T. Positive role models/name and shame bad role models
U. Codesofconductforplayers/spectators
V. Drugtesting
W. Prosecute violent play

Question 33

Explain the consequences of spectator violence, for example hooliganism, for the
clubs and the sporting authorities. (4 marks)

Answer 33

A. Negativeimageofsportcausesdeclineinparticipation
rates/smaller foundation base
B. Spectatorattendancedeclines
C. Supportersbannedfromtravelling/attending/matches
played behind closed doors
D. Allsupporterstreatedashooligans
E. Teamsbannedfromcompeting/lossofpoints/fined
F. Sponsors/commercial deals withdrawn
G. Additional cost to police events/provide more stewards
H. Relationshipwithlocalcommunity/othercountries
declines /negative impact for hosting future eventually

Question 34

Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th
century.
(4 marks)

Answer 34

A. Reduction of working hours/better wages (which allowed) increased time to attend matches/pay for leisure activities
B. Improvements in railways/transport (which allowed) easier access to events/able to attend matches played further away
C. Improved communication/media/newspapers/better literacy/more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models/celebrities/awareness of events
D. Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business/agents/social control/need to entertain the masses/encourage better social morals or equiv.
E. Creation of governing bodies/development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions/leagues/international events/standardised rules/regulations/codification/regular fixtures
F. Creation of teams from factories/churches/ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators/creation of sense of community
G. Emergence of professional teams/broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle/higher standard of play/local team to support
H. Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space/large population close together made spectating necessary/loss of mob games/growth of towns/cities
I. Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams/spectator team identity or equiv/develop new stadiums

Question 35

What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century English public schools
and the modern Olympic Games?
(3 marks)

Answer 35

A. Sportsmanship/respect for opponent/fairplay
B. Athleticism/physical endeavour with moral integrity
C. Follow unwritten rules of the sport/etiquette/code of conduct
D. Taking part is more important rather than winning/team loyalty as
well as individual success
E. No monetary prizes/winning for the glory/amateurism
F. Self-discipline/maximum effort/high commitment level
G. Natural ability – no drugs

Question 36

Explain how, during the 19th Century, ex-public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world.
(4 marks)

Answer 36

A. Impact of universities/old boys network led to codification/rules and regulations/clubs
B. Establishment of governing bodies led to regular competitions/leagues
C. Industrialists/employersdevelopedfactoryteams/facilities
D. Clergy developed church clubs/teams/YMCA/Boys Brigade
E. Officers used sport with Armed services/troops
F. (Ex-public school boys) travelled the British Empire and introduced
new sports
G. Philanthropists/social reformers built facilities/encouraged social
reform
H. Teachers/blues and some impact implied, eg taught sport
I. Politicians introduced Acts of Parliament for public provision of
facilities

Question 37

Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century. [3 marks]

Answer 37

A. Development of rules/rational recreation/codification via public schools/universities/NGB
B. Development of leagues/competitions via public schools/universities/ clubs/NGB/factory teams/church teams/teams
C. Development of facilities/parks/public baths via philanthropists/factory owners/church/public schools/universities/government Acts
D. Controlled sport via administration/clubs/NGB/leadership roles
E. Development of morals/values/ethics via codes of
amateurism/athleticism/muscular Christianity/Olympism/
sportsmanship
F. Provided more leisure time/Wednesday half day/Saturday half
day/Bank Holiday allowed more spectators/time to participate/time to
play
G. Commercial sport/professional sport via agents/promoters/broken time
payments/paid
H. New sports via universities/manufacturing companies/Industrial
Revolution/inventors
I. Amateurism/Gentleman Amateur due to having time/money to play for
the love of it

Question 38

Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism, and their positive
impact on 19th century and modern day sport.
[14 marks]

Answer 38

Amateurism
A. Takingpartinsportfortheloveofit/nomonetarygain
B. Participation/processmoreimportantthanwinning
C. Encourages socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals / abide
by rules of sport/fairplay/sportsmanship
D. Discouragesdeviantbehavioure.g.cheating/matchfixingetc E. Becausenottemptedbyextrinsicrewards
F. 19th century – amateur middle or upper class /amateurs
revered the ‘all-rounder’
G. Today can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship /
SportsAid
H. Freedomfromrestrictionsofprofessionalcontracts/notseenas
a commodity/no contractual obligations
I. (Amateurism) inclusive / not always based on ability / less
pressure/can perform at all levels/experience lots of sports/ can
perform at grass roots to elite level
J. ‘open’ championships – amateurs can still compete against
professionals – just not win the money e.g. golf
K. Eligibilitycodesprotectamateursfromcompetingagainst
professionals
L. Olympic Games – biggest competition in the world maintained
exclusive amateurism for over a century / still have the oath –
keeping moral focus in the Games
M. Amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g.
boxing, golf etc
Professionalism
N. (Professionalism)–earningmoneyfromsport/brokentime payments
O. 19th century sport became a business/amateur paid for professionals/upper class were patrons
P. 19th century from the working class
Q. Train full time
R. Sostandardsimprove
S. Aswinningiscritical/winethic
T. Encourages spectator sport / better spectacle for spectators
U. 19th century occupied the masses / social control
V. OlympicGames–donowacceptsomeprofessionalperformers
e.g. basketball
General point
W. Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional
X. Ethics/moralcodesstillevidentinamateurandprofessional sports today
Y. NGB’sformed
Z. Today injection of money / commercialisation – TV rights etc
allows NGB’s to invest in grass roots / economic benefit to
country/sport benefits/country benefits
AA.Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared
characteristics/difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional

Question 39

Question 11
18 Explain the impact of each of the following social and cultural factors on the development
and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century:
• urbanisation
• public provision
• communications.
[7 marks]

Answer 39

A. Regular/writtenrulesegnumbers-boundaries/skillbased/ spectator/tactical/ development of facilities/equipment/began with middle classes/opposite of popular recreation or equiv.
Urbanisation
B. Lack of space = popular recreation/mob games/ old pastimes lost/ new ones developed /rational recreation
C. Needformassestobeoccupied/morefreetimeandmoney= stadiums built for spectator sport/increase in spectators/town parks
D. Factoriesdeveloped/churches=teams/moreteamsledto regular competition
Public provision
E. GovernmentActs/MunicipalReformAct1837/localauthority provision = provision of parks and baths
F. provision of parks and baths/public facilities = to improve health and hygiene of working classes
G. middle class = approval and encouragement of certain sports/banned mob games/social control/morals or equiv.
Communications
H. Media/newspapers/printingpress/steampress=raised
awareness of sport / role models
I. Railways/transport/canals = transported teams / spectators /
regional – national – international / seaside/countryside /
Romantic movement / spread around British Empire
J. Roads developing = helped activities such as cyclin