Rational Recreation and Modern Day sport Flashcards
Characteristics of Rational recreation
- regular participation
- complex written rules
- high structured
- regionally and nationally based
Contract to Compete
- the unwritten mutual agreement to abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport
What is agreed in the contact to compete?
- abide by written and unwritten rules
- give 100%
- allow opponents to demonstrate their skill
- accept the codes of behaviour
Evidence that Sportsmanship has declined
- increasing number of sports-related prosecutions
- more emphasis on winning
- wages/ sponsorship deals
- spectator behaviour creates an aggressive performance
- media hype
Evidence to say Sportsmanship is being encouraged
- FairPlay schemes and campaigns
- positive role models
- better quality officials and tech
- positive values encouraged in early childhood
- punishments for negative behaviour
Sportsmanship
- fairness and spirit of the game
Gamesmanship
- bending the rules of the game to gain an advantage
Amateurism, Athleticism and Olympism are still relevant in modern sport
- encourage respect for rules and regs
- moral values expressed in PE
- olympics biggest comp in world- it’s based around these factors
- Athletes considered and role models for children
- doping is illegal so much still remain the ethical values
Ametherism, Athleticism and Olympicism is less relevant in modern sport
- traditional values can hinder that hunger for success
- Lombardian ethic- winning most important
- these values are of the past culture- the social values of the upper class
- commercialisation expresses the need to be good at sport
- pro sport more dominant
The advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation
+
Codification
Transport links
New teams and national league
-
Loss of villages
No rural location
Traditional sport had to change to suit the new city
Long working weeks
Participation was expensive
Why did factory owners establish clubs and organise teams?
- improve health and loyalty within workforce
- develop morale and social control
- conditions in the factory improved and allows half days somedays
Olympism
- concept to balance mind and body to encourage effort, educational values and ethical behaviour
- improve health, patriotism and international understanding
The Olympic Oath
- taken by all competitors
- they agree to respect and abide by the rules- show sportsmanship
The Olympic Ideal- 6 goals
1) PERSONAL EXCELLENCE
- fight hard to show excellence
2) SPORT AS EDUCATION
- people learn a lot from participating- working with others
3) CULTURAL EXCHANGE
- learn about host cities and the cultures competing
- media coverage increasing outside countries
4) MASS PARTICIPATION
- sport is a human right for everyone regardless race, social class and sex
- boost grass roots sport
5) FAIR PLAY
- spirit of the game
6) INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING
- tolerant approach to differences in cultures
-
Characteristics of Popular Recreation
- occasional die to little free time
- having only a few unwritten rules
- participation based rather than spectator based
- physical force rather than skill
- many injuries
- lower class involvement limited structure
Define Urbanisation
The process whereby the mass of the population changes its lifestyle from living in villages and rural areas to living in towns and cities
Urban industrial factors influencing the development of rational recreation
- more free time- Saturday half day
- the railways- trips following
- spectatorism
- paid holidays
- factory teams and faculties
What allowed for the increased status of professionals?
1) all classes compete- social class no longer a barrier
2) people respected for their talents and efforts in reaching the top
3) high rewards through media and sponsorship
4) pros have more time to train
5) celebrity status/ more media coverage
Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century. [3 marks]
1) Development of rules/rational recreation/codification via public schools/universities/NGB
2) Development of leagues/competitions via public schools/universities/ clubs/NGB/factory teams/church teams/teams
3) Development of facilities/parks/public baths via philanthropists/factory owners/church/public schools/universities/government Acts
4) Controlled sport via administration/clubs/NGB/leadership roles
5) Development of morals/values/ethics via codes of
amateurism/athleticism/muscular Christianity/Olympism/
sportsmanship
6) Provided more leisure time/Wednesday half day/Saturday half
day/Bank Holiday allowed more spectators/time to participate/time to
play
7) Commercial sport/professional sport via agents/promoters/broken time
payments/paid
8) New sports via universities/manufacturing companies/Industrial
Revolution/inventors
9) Amateurism/Gentleman Amateur due to having time/money to play for
the love of it
What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century English public schools
and the modern Olympic Games?
(3 marks)
A. Sportsmanship/respect for opponent/fairplay
B. Athleticism/physical eyndeavour with moral integrity
C. Follow unwritten rules of the sport/etiquette/code of conduct
D. Taking part is more important rather than winning/team loyalty as
well as individual success
E. No monetary prizes/winning for the glory/amateurism
F. Self-discipline/maximum effort/high commitment level
G. Natural ability – no drugs
Explain how, during the 19th Century, ex-public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world.
(4 marks)
A. Impact of universities/old boys network led to codification/rules and regulations/clubs
B. Establishment of governing bodies led to regular competitions/leagues
C. Industrialists/employersdevelopedfactoryteams/facilities
D. Clergy developed church clubs/teams/YMCA/Boys Brigade
E. Officers used sport with Armed services/troops
F. (Ex-public school boys) travelled the British Empire and introduced
new sports
G. Philanthropists/social reformers built facilities/encouraged social
reform
H. Teachers/blues and some impact implied, eg taught sport
I. Politicians introduced Acts of Parliament for public provision of
facilities
How might a performer break the contract to compete during a sporting contest? (3 marks)
A. Display gamesmanship/not sportsmanship/not fair play
B. Break the rules of the sport/injure other players/aggressive
behaviour
C. Not following the etiquette of the sport, eg shaking hands/racism
D. Drugs/doping
E. Not try their best to win, eg match fixing/weaker team selected
F. Disrespect officials and their decisions
Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th
century.
(4 marks)
A. Reduction of working hours/better wages (which allowed) increased time to ask attend matches/pay for leisure activities
B. Improvements in railways/transport (which allowed) easier access to events/able to attend matches played further away
C. Improved communication/media/newspapers/better literacy/more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models/celebrities/awareness of events
D. Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business/agents/social control/need to entertain the masses/encourage better social morals or equiv.
E. Creation of governing bodies/development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions/leagues/international events/standardised rules/regulations/codification/regular fixtures
F. Creation of teams from factories/churches/ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators/creation of sense of community
G. Emergence of professional teams/broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle/higher standard of play/local team to support
H. Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space/large population close together made spectating necessary/loss of mob games/growth of towns/cities
I. Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams/spectator team identity or equiv/develop new stadiums
Why were the opportunities to compete within amateur sport restricted for the working class in the United Kingdom during the 19th century? (3 marks)
Class division between working class and middle/upp er class
- Middle/upper class controlled sport/selected teams
- Working class not able to afford cost/time to play
- Amateurism (upper, middle class) dominant ethic/professionals (working class)
looked down on - Membership restrictions to club/competitions/Manual Labour Clause
- Lack of public provision/private space/facilities within state schools
The nature of elite sport has altered dramatically since the 19th century.
What factors have led to an increase in the status of professional sports performers? (3 marks)
- High standards of performance/excitement;
- Higher media coverage/higher profile of athletes/role models/celebrity
status/glamorous; - Professionals used to be working class/low status;
- Social class no longer such a barrier to participation;
- Society.s attitude/value materialistic rewards;
- Lombardian ethic more dominant than the amateur ideal;
- Seen as a .way out./upward social mobility. 3 marks
Why did amateurs have a higher social status than professionals in the 19th century? (3 marks)
- Concept devised by the middle/upper classes;
- Controlled by the middle/upper classes through the development of
clubs/societies/NGB/public schools/universities;
3. Membership restrictions for working class professionals/Working class not allowed to play with upper class;
- E.g. exclusion clauses/fees;
- Emphasised values of middle/upper classes/moral/civilised;
- Athleticism/combination of physical and moral qualities/seen as morally
superior to professional sport; - Supported by the church. 3 marks
The Olympic Ideal proposes that ‘the most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part’.
With reference to the contract to compete why might many people feel, the Olympic Ideal has little relevance in the modern sporting arena? (4 marks)
- Explanation of contract to compete . unwritten mutual agreement with opponents;
- Winning is now the dominant ethic / Lombardian ethic / society has high
expectations; - Highly paid/sponsorship deals/contracts/ bonuses depends on result;
- Many performers break rules/commit fouls/violent play;
- May resort to extreme measures such as doping;
- May not play to best of ability/match fixing;
- May not allow other to play to the best of their ability;
- Break the ethics/etiquette linked to game/lack of sportsmanship/ discrimination;
Sport & Physical Education - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2007 June series
5 - Over-train/play with injury;
- Increased number of sports related prosecutions.
.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the extent and nature of a person’s participation in sport were influenced by their social class & gender.
a) Describe the differences in the sports played and the roles undertaken by the upper/middle classes & the working classes. Illustrate your answers with examples.
Upper Class – refined games with complex rules such as real tennis and fencing. Also went hunting, fishing, athletics. Taught sports to public school boys and to other countries. Gentlemen amateur – played sport for pleasure – FAIR PLAY. Girls were playing tennis & cricket.
Middle Class – Invented hockey, badminton, tennis
Working Class – mob games that were violent, unruly, disorganised such as mob football. They were either professional players (A sports performer who is paid to play their sport) or spectators – started having Saturdays afternoons off work to go and spectate. Women would not be professionals.
In today’s society the majority of people have access to a variety of sporting activities.
Explain how the leisure opportunities for the working classes improved during the 19th
century in terms of provision. (7 marks)
A. (Increased time) Factory Reform Act ts/more time available/shorter working hours/Saturday half day/Wednesday early closing/Bank Holidays/ machine time
B. (More money) increased wages/broken time payments/ access to professional sport
C. Factory owners established clubs/facilities
D. Churches/Youth Movements established clubs/teams/scouts/Boys Brigade/facilities
E. Public provision/parks/public baths/Municipal Reform Act/Government provision
F. Philanthropists provided new facilities/libraries/ working men’s clubs or eq./Muscular Christianity/social reform
G. Better communication links/trains easier to visit areas/matches/events
H. New towns developed eg seaside resorts/ countryside
I. New sports developed/rational sports/structured sport/codified
J. National Governing body established/formation of leagues and cup competitions/regular competition
K. (Social class changes) more working class allowed access to previously restricted competition/lifting of Manual Labour Clause/ Middle class encouraged working class sport
L. Increased opportunity for spectatorism
M. Increased media coverage/newspapers led to greater knowledge and awareness
What’s the difference between sportsmanship and gamesmanship?
1) sportsmanship- playing by the unwritten rules/ fair play
2) gamesmanship- art of winning games by cunning means/ breaking the rules
b) Discuss the reasons why people from the working class had fewer opportunities to participate than those from the upper & middle classes (3 mark)
Worked 12 hour days 6 days a weekend
- Sunday was the day off but it’s the day of rest- church day
- Now live in cities did not have village rivalry
- Lack of space
- Lack of money
Discuss the suggestion that there has been a decline in sportsmanship since the late 19th Century and outline strategies that the sporting authorities have used in an attempt to maintain high standards of behaviour. (14 marks)
Agree
A. Explanationofsportsmanship–unwrittenrulesof etiquette/fairplay/spirit of the game/suitable example
B. 19th century sport run by middle/upper class/elite performers were amateur/amateur sport was dominant
C. Basedonconceptofamateurism–playingforloveof sport/ not paid
D. Basedonconceptofathleticism–physicalendeavour and moral integrity
E. (During 20th century) professionalism increased/greater extrinsic rewards/more money involved/more commercialisation
F. Greater pressure from media/national expectation/media encourages copying of poor role models
G. Increase in win at all cost attitude/Lombardian ethic
H. Causedanincreaseingamesmanship–bendingthe
rules
I. (Increase in) doping/violent play/cheating/abusive
language/match fixing/deviancy/prosecutions
Disagree
J. Sportsmanship promoted at events eg Olympics/Olympism/ Olympic Ideal
K. Performersarerolemodelsandunderstandtheir responsibility
L. Greater need to maintain image to retain sponsors/ commercial deals/image of sport
M. (during 19th Century) corruption was part of sport/may not have declined just now more widely reported in the media
Strategies
N. Campaignstopromotesportsmanship/Respect/Fairplay Awards/Sporting ethics promoted within schools/clubs/ education
O. Better officials/citing after game/better technology to help officials/fourth official
P. Ruleschangedtopromotefairplay
Q. (On the field) – penalties/sin bins/bookings
R. (Offthefield)–fines/bans
S. Punishtheclub–deductpoints/matchesbehindclosed
doors
T. Positive role models/name and shame bad role models
U. Codesofconductforplayers/spectators
V. Drugtesting
W. Prosecute violent play
Explain the consequences of spectator violence, for example hooliganism, for the
clubs and the sporting authorities. (4 marks)
A. Negativeimageofsportcausesdeclineinparticipation
rates/smaller foundation base
B. Spectatorattendancedeclines
C. Supportersbannedfromtravelling/attending/matches
played behind closed doors
D. Allsupporterstreatedashooligans
E. Teamsbannedfromcompeting/lossofpoints/fined
F. Sponsors/commercial deals withdrawn
G. Additional cost to police events/provide more stewards
H. Relationshipwithlocalcommunity/othercountries
declines /negative impact for hosting future eventually
Explain the social factors that contributed to the emergence of mass spectator sport in the 19th
century.
(4 marks)
A. Reduction of working hours/better wages (which allowed) increased time to attend matches/pay for leisure activities
B. Improvements in railways/transport (which allowed) easier access to events/able to attend matches played further away
C. Improved communication/media/newspapers/better literacy/more people could read (which allowed) promotion role models/celebrities/awareness of events
D. Emergence of middle classes (which allowed) opportunity for business/agents/social control/need to entertain the masses/encourage better social morals or equiv.
E. Creation of governing bodies/development of rational recreation (which allowed) organised competitions/leagues/international events/standardised rules/regulations/codification/regular fixtures
F. Creation of teams from factories/churches/ex-public school boys (which allowed) local opportunity for spectators/creation of sense of community
G. Emergence of professional teams/broken time payments (which allowed) exciting spectacle/higher standard of play/local team to support
H. Urbanisation (which caused) need for alternative to traditional sporting activities due to lack of space/large population close together made spectating necessary/loss of mob games/growth of towns/cities
I. Commercialisation (which caused) opportunities to develop professional teams/spectator team identity or equiv/develop new stadiums
What are the similarities between the sporting values of the 19th century English public schools
and the modern Olympic Games?
(3 marks)
A. Sportsmanship/respect for opponent/fairplay
B. Athleticism/physical endeavour with moral integrity
C. Follow unwritten rules of the sport/etiquette/code of conduct
D. Taking part is more important rather than winning/team loyalty as
well as individual success
E. No monetary prizes/winning for the glory/amateurism
F. Self-discipline/maximum effort/high commitment level
G. Natural ability – no drugs
Explain how, during the 19th Century, ex-public school boys influenced the development of sport in the UK and around the world.
(4 marks)
A. Impact of universities/old boys network led to codification/rules and regulations/clubs
B. Establishment of governing bodies led to regular competitions/leagues
C. Industrialists/employersdevelopedfactoryteams/facilities
D. Clergy developed church clubs/teams/YMCA/Boys Brigade
E. Officers used sport with Armed services/troops
F. (Ex-public school boys) travelled the British Empire and introduced
new sports
G. Philanthropists/social reformers built facilities/encouraged social
reform
H. Teachers/blues and some impact implied, eg taught sport
I. Politicians introduced Acts of Parliament for public provision of
facilities
Explain how the middle classes supported the developments in sport during the 19th century. [3 marks]
A. Development of rules/rational recreation/codification via public schools/universities/NGB
B. Development of leagues/competitions via public schools/universities/ clubs/NGB/factory teams/church teams/teams
C. Development of facilities/parks/public baths via philanthropists/factory owners/church/public schools/universities/government Acts
D. Controlled sport via administration/clubs/NGB/leadership roles
E. Development of morals/values/ethics via codes of
amateurism/athleticism/muscular Christianity/Olympism/
sportsmanship
F. Provided more leisure time/Wednesday half day/Saturday half
day/Bank Holiday allowed more spectators/time to participate/time to
play
G. Commercial sport/professional sport via agents/promoters/broken time
payments/paid
H. New sports via universities/manufacturing companies/Industrial
Revolution/inventors
I. Amateurism/Gentleman Amateur due to having time/money to play for
the love of it
Explain the 19th century codes of amateurism and professionalism, and their positive
impact on 19th century and modern day sport.
[14 marks]
Amateurism
A. Takingpartinsportfortheloveofit/nomonetarygain
B. Participation/processmoreimportantthanwinning
C. Encourages socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals / abide
by rules of sport/fairplay/sportsmanship
D. Discouragesdeviantbehavioure.g.cheating/matchfixingetc E. Becausenottemptedbyextrinsicrewards
F. 19th century – amateur middle or upper class /amateurs
revered the ‘all-rounder’
G. Today can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship /
SportsAid
H. Freedomfromrestrictionsofprofessionalcontracts/notseenas
a commodity/no contractual obligations
I. (Amateurism) inclusive / not always based on ability / less
pressure/can perform at all levels/experience lots of sports/ can
perform at grass roots to elite level
J. ‘open’ championships – amateurs can still compete against
professionals – just not win the money e.g. golf
K. Eligibilitycodesprotectamateursfromcompetingagainst
professionals
L. Olympic Games – biggest competition in the world maintained
exclusive amateurism for over a century / still have the oath –
keeping moral focus in the Games
M. Amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g.
boxing, golf etc
Professionalism
N. (Professionalism)–earningmoneyfromsport/brokentime payments
O. 19th century sport became a business/amateur paid for professionals/upper class were patrons
P. 19th century from the working class
Q. Train full time
R. Sostandardsimprove
S. Aswinningiscritical/winethic
T. Encourages spectator sport / better spectacle for spectators
U. 19th century occupied the masses / social control
V. OlympicGames–donowacceptsomeprofessionalperformers
e.g. basketball
General point
W. Today all social classes can participate in either amateur or professional
X. Ethics/moralcodesstillevidentinamateurandprofessional sports today
Y. NGB’sformed
Z. Today injection of money / commercialisation – TV rights etc
allows NGB’s to invest in grass roots / economic benefit to
country/sport benefits/country benefits
AA.Today amateur and professional codes blurred due to shared
characteristics/difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional
Question 11
18 Explain the impact of each of the following social and cultural factors on the development
and spread of rational recreation during the 19th century:
• urbanisation
• public provision
• communications.
[7 marks]
A. Regular/writtenrulesegnumbers-boundaries/skillbased/ spectator/tactical/ development of facilities/equipment/began with middle classes/opposite of popular recreation or equiv.
Urbanisation
B. Lack of space = popular recreation/mob games/ old pastimes lost/ new ones developed /rational recreation
C. Needformassestobeoccupied/morefreetimeandmoney= stadiums built for spectator sport/increase in spectators/town parks
D. Factoriesdeveloped/churches=teams/moreteamsledto regular competition
Public provision
E. GovernmentActs/MunicipalReformAct1837/localauthority provision = provision of parks and baths
F. provision of parks and baths/public facilities = to improve health and hygiene of working classes
G. middle class = approval and encouragement of certain sports/banned mob games/social control/morals or equiv.
Communications
H. Media/newspapers/printingpress/steampress=raised
awareness of sport / role models
I. Railways/transport/canals = transported teams / spectators /
regional – national – international / seaside/countryside /
Romantic movement / spread around British Empire
J. Roads developing = helped activities such as cyclin
