rates and standardization Flashcards
These are used to characterize and describe a population
Demographic data and vital statistics
Purpose of demographic data and vital statistics
Report health status of a population
Spot trends
Make projections
Plan for necessary services such as housing and medical care
Used to make comparison between groups to evaluate on heath trends
Demographic data and vital statistics
It is the size of the population and its composition by sex and age
Demographic data
It describes the life of the population and it’s summarize events
Ital statistics
(Death, births, marriage, divorce and occurrences of disease)
The number of cases of a particular outcome of interest over a given period of time divided by the size of the population that generates the cases in that time period.
Rates
- dependent upon a measure of time
- incorporates unit of measurement
- mean measured over time
Ratio in which all individuals included in the numerator are also
included in the denominator.
Proportion
- no units of measurement
- values are between 0 and 1
Number of deaths that occur during some period of time divided
by the total population at risk.
Death rate
-• *the population at risk consists of all individuals eligible to be part of the numerator
Often expressed as deaths per 1000 population or per 100,000 pop
Mortality rate
the number of live births in a particular year who die before their first birthday divided by the total number of liver births in that year.
Infant mortality rate (under 1 mortality rate)
One of the most important health measures for a population
Infant mortality rate
* can be used to make comparison across geographic regions and to measure progress over time
number of infant deaths under age 7 days plus fetal deaths at 28th weeks of gestation or more, divided by the total number of live births
Perinatal mortality rate
The proportion of children born alive in a particular year who do not live to their fifth birthday
Under 5 mortality rate
The number of deaths divided by the number of individuals at risk for death over a defined period of time
Mortality rate
the confounder of the association between quality of health services and mortality
Age
[Age is a very important factor because older people are more likely to die than younger people. If you don’t account for age, you might think one group is healthier than another simply because one group is younger, even if they have similar health outcomes. Age can be a confounder, which means it can influence the relationship between health services (like medical care) and mortality. For example, if one country has a lot of older people, it might appear to have a higher mortality rate, even though its health services are just as good as a country with fewer older people.]
Categories under rate
Crude and specific
Formula for crude birth rate
Ppt
- measures how fast people are added to the population through births
CBR can be affected by
Fertility rate/marriage patterns and practices of a place
Sex and age
Birth registration practice
events happening to a specific group are related only to the
corresponding segment of the population it can be specific according to age,
sex, education, occupation, marital status, race, or exposure.
Specific rate
More valuable to use when making comparisons between and among populations
Specific rate
more specific than CBR. You will only get the segment of the
population who are capable of giving birth.
GFR
(Show formula)
- some countries, women who are capable of giving births is 15-49 years old
Gives the rate with which mortality occurs in a given population
CDR
(Show formula)
Factor affecting CDR
age and sex
Adverse environmental and occupational condition
Peace and order condition of a place
Shows the rates of dying in a specific population groups
Specific mortality rate
Specific mortality rate can be specific according to
Age
Sex
Occupation
Education
Exposure to risk factors
Combination of these
Sensitive index of the level of health in a community
Infant mortality rate
What are the problems when IMR is usually high
Poor maternal and child health care
Malnutrition
Poor environmental sanitation
Deficient health service delivery
Formula of neonatal and post neonatal mortality rate
Ppt
Measures the # of deaths due to disease directly related to pregnancy, delivery,
and puerperium per 1,000 livebirths
Maternal mortality ratio MMR
MMR is affected by
Maternal health practices
Diagnostic ascertainment
Completeness of registration of births
Why is# of live births used instead of # of deaths due to pregnancy is used for maternal mortality ratio
Due to its unavailability
Proportion of total deaths occurring in a particular population group or
from a particular cause
Proportionate mortality ratio PMR
- the denominator is the total no. Of deaths not the population size
What happens when the epidemic of a particular illness occurs (PMRatio)
Artificially lowered result PMR of other diseases
Sensitive indicator of the standards of health care.
Swaroop’s index
- developed countries have a higher index than the less developed
Swaroop’s index
Case fatality rate
Ppt
x100
Measure the occurrence of illnesses or conditions in a community
Mortality rate
measure the development of a disease in a group exposed to the risk of the disease in a period of time
Incidence
Measure of choice in determining etiologic factors of disease
Incidence
In consideration of the person-time of exposure
• Ex. Nosocomial infections wherein the lengths of stay of the patients in the hospital differ.
Incidence density
