rate equations Flashcards
what are in the orders of rate in respect to A
-doubling conc of A then rate is directly prop to A so the rate does not change - order is 1
-doubling A = quadruples rate
(A squared) and order is 2
-doubling A had no effect on rate so order is zero
what is the rate equation
rate = k[A]^m[B]^n
how do scientists find the order of the reactants
through experiments - DO NOT USE BALANCE NUMBERS
what is the rate constant dependent on
temp
how to find overall order
add all orders together
order of a catalyst?
same method as reactants
what are initial rate experiments
conc changed one at a time but everything else remains the same
how to measure rate immediately at the start eg use disappearing cross method
how to find orders using table
work out K
put the values in formula/ rearrange to find which one u are looking for
how to rearrange rate equation to find K
k = rate/reactants
what are the units for K
mol^-1 dm^3 s-1
the mol and dm will change
work out using same method as for kc and kp
what does the conc-time graph of a zero order reactant look like
In a zero-order the concentration of the reactant is inversely proportional to time
This means that the concentration of the reactant decreases with increasing time
The graph is a straight line going down
what does the graph for a conc-time graph for first order look like
In a first-order reaction the concentration of the reactant decreases with time
The graph is a curve going downwards and eventually plateau
what does the graph for a conc-time graph for second order look like
In a second-order reaction the concentration of the reactant decreases more steeply with time
The concentration of reactant decreases more with increasing time compared to in a first-order reaction
The graph is a steeper curve going downwards
what is the rate -conc graph for zero order
In a zero-order reaction the rate doesn’t depend on the concentration of the reactant
The rate of the reaction therefore remains constant throughout the reaction
The graph is a horizontal line
The rate equation for this one reactant is rate = k
to find k - to find the gradient - work out from conc-time graph
how to plot a rate-conc graph
The progress of the reaction can be followed by measuring the initial rates of the reaction using various initial concentrations of each reactant
These rates can then be plotted against time in a rate-time graph
what is the rate -conc graph for first order
In a first-order reaction the rate is directly proportional to the concentration of a reactant
This means that if you doubled the concentration of the reactant, the rate would also double
If you increased the concentration of the reactant by a factor of 3, the rate would increase by this factor as well
The graph is a straight line
The rate equation for this one reactant is rate = k [A]
find k to find the gradient- use rate - conc graph
change in y over change in x
what is the rate -conc graph for second order
In a second-order reaction, the rate is directly proportional to the square of concentration of a reactant
The graph is a curved line
The rate equation for this one reactant is rate = k [A]2
k = gradient of rate-conc^2
how do u draw rate-conc from conc-time for first and second order
draw tangents at specific conc and calculate the gradients
use these to plot rate-conc
with gradients on x-axis
what is the rate determining step
the slowest step in the reaction
how to determine which reactants are in the rate equation
If a reactant appears in the rate-determining step, then the concentration of that reactant will also appear in the rate equation
what is the overall rate of the reaction dependent on
the slowest step thus the RDS
how can u predict the RDS
The overall reaction equation and rate equation can be used to predict a possible reaction mechanism of a reaction
This shows the individual reaction steps which are taking place
-deduce which reactants are which order
-then this is how many molecules are in the RDS
-compare to mechanism given
-pick which one is RDS by seeing if it matches rate equation and overall
example of RDS prediction
For example, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) react to form nitrogen monoxide (NO) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
The overall reaction equation is:
NO2 (g) + CO (g) → NO (g) + CO2 (g)
The rate equation is:
Rate = k [NO2]2
From the rate equation it can be concluded that the reaction is zero order with respect to CO (g) and second order with respect to NO2 (g)
This means that there are two molecules of NO2 (g) involved in the rate-determining step and zero molecules of CO (g)
A possible reaction mechanism could therefore be:
Step 1:
2NO2 (g) → NO (g) + NO3 (g) slow (rate-determining step)
Step 2:
NO3 (g) + CO (g) → NO2 (g) + CO2 (g) fast
Overall:
2NO2 (g) + NO3 (g) + CO (g) → NO (g) + NO3 (g) + NO2 (g) + CO2 (g)
= NO2 (g) + CO (g) → NO (g) + CO2 (g)
are species that appear after the RDS included in the rate equation
no
what species do u use in the RDS to compare to the rate equation
the ones BEFORE the RDS
how to identify a catalyst
When a rate equation includes a species that is not part of the chemical reaction equation then this species is a catalyst
how to identify intermediates
produced in one of the mechanisms of the reaction but are not involved in the overall reaction
they should also cancel out
what does the Arrhenius equation show
how changes in temp and Ea affect the value of k
what is the Arrhenius equation
k = A x e ^ -(Ea/RT)
what are the units for the Arrhenius eq
A= constant - has same units as k - given in the question
e= exponential = constant with a value of 2.7182…
R= gas constant= 8.31 J K-1 mol-1
T= temp in kelvin
Ea= J mol-1
k=rate constant = no. of successful collisions resulting in a reaction per second
what factor of collision theory does the Arrhenius constant use
molecules have to be in the correct orientation in order to react
example calc using Arrhenius eq
a) chemical reaction is carried out at 20 c and has an Ea of 50 KJ mol-1
calculate the fraction of molecules that are able to react at this temp
20 = 293k and 50KJ = 50000 j
work out value of -(Ea/RT)
then work out fraction of moles able to react
e to power of value of -(Ea/RT)
b) value of A is 4.79x10^9 s-1 calc the value of k
k= 4.79x10^9 x e to the power
then find units
where is e on the calculator
shift then natural log button
what effect has 10 degrees increase in T had on the value of k
doubled
how does the change in the value of k by 10 degrees affect the rate
value of k double so rate doubles
only works with Ea 50Kj
what is another form of the Arrhenius eq
ln k = ln A - Ea/RT
this is using the natural log form which enables u to eliminate the exponential to find Ea
how to rearrange ln k = ln A -Ea/RT to find Ea
Ea =RT (lnA - lnk)
remember to put two negative infront of lnk
how can u use the natural log form of Arrhenius eq to find the Ea on a graph
ln k or ln (rate) = lnA - Ea/R (1/T)
l l l l
y= c + m x
then find gradient of line ( big triangle_
change in y /change in x
then should get a negative no.
then as two negative cancel gradient becomes +ve
then x this by the gas constant
and divide by 1000 to get into KJ
Ea = -gradient - x R
how do u draw a graph using Arrhenius
ln k on y-axis
(1/T) on x -axis
Suggest why chloroethanoic acid is a stronger acid than ethanoic acid.
M1 Curve steeper at first & flattens at same point on y axis
M2 Cl is an electron withdrawing group or negative inductive effect
M3 Weakens the O-H bond / increase polarity of O-H bond
how to calculate time taken for the reaction at x degrees - 1/T
-find degrees on x axis
-go up to line to find 1/T
-divide 1/T value by 1 - eg 1/0.03 = 33s
why are initial rates used not rate of reactions at diff times
-exact conc of the reactants are known at this point
if need to find an unknown rate and the other values change/ are not the same
-most likely zero
-work out if change due to [unknown] and see if it is what is in the table if not then is zero
-use known conc and compare to the values
if given a table with lots of unknown values eg conc and rate what should u do to work them out
-use the experiment that has all the values - then work out k
-use k to find the others
-rearrange using the rate equations
OR
-if no full row
-work out missing by comparing against ones that chnage will other experiments dont
state which graph shows how the rate constant varies with temp
-the increasing positive curve
-as this graph shows that as temp increases that rate increases and the value of k will aslo increase
-NOT THE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL ONE
