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a&p1 > RAT 20 > Flashcards

RAT 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What two roots attach a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?

A

Anterior Root & Posterior Root

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2
Q

What fibers are contained in the anterior root?

A

Somatic & Visceral Motor
CNS->PNS

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3
Q

What fibers are contained in the posterior root?

A

sensory
PNS->CNS

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4
Q

How long is the spinal nerve?

A

1-2 cm

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5
Q

What are the names of the two large branches of the spinal nerve?

A

Posterior Ramus
Anterior Ramus

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6
Q

Is the posterior ramus sensory, motor, or mixed? Where does it travel?

A

Mixed, posterior side of the body

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7
Q

Is the anterior ramus sensory, motor, or mixed? Where does the anterior ramus travel?

A

Mixed, anterior side of body/upper and lower limbs

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8
Q

What is the name of the small branch that contains autonomic fibers?

A

Rami Communicates (ramus communicans)

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9
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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10
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

complicated network of nerves

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11
Q

Which branches form a plexus?

A

Anterior rami of cervical, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves

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12
Q

Where is the cervical plexus located?

A

Deep in the neck lateral to the first through the fourth cervical vertebrae (C1->C4)

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13
Q

What major nerve arises from the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic Nerve (axons from c3->c5)

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14
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate>

A

diaphragm

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15
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located?

A

C5-T1, innervates structures within & around upper limb

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16
Q

Do the anterior rami of thoracic nerves form a plexus?

A

no

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17
Q

Nerves that form from anterior rami?

A

Intercostal Nerves

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18
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus located?

A

L1-L4

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19
Q

What is the name of the largest nerve that arises from the lumbar plexus?

A

Obturator nerve

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20
Q

Where is the sacral plexus located?

A

L4-S4

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21
Q

What is the name of the largest nerve that arises from the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic Nerve

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22
Q

What is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic Nerve

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23
Q

Describe the basic pathway for sensory information

A
  1. Stimulus is detected by sensory receptors of the PNS ->
  2. transmitted by PNS sensory neurons to the CNS ->
  3. Integrated and interpreted by CNS neurons.
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24
Q

The conversion of a stimulus into an electrical signal

A

sensory transduction

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25
Q

Where does sensory transduction take place?

A

(nerve ending) Sensory receptor

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26
Q

two types of sensory receptors

A

Encapsulated nerve endings
Free nerve endings

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27
Q

How does pressure lead to an action potential in a somatic sensory neuron?

A

Pressure is applied -> Mechanically gated sodium ion channels open-> Na (sodium) will enter the axoplasm -> temporary depolarization (receptor potential) -> if enough sodium enters to reach threshold = voltage-gated sodium ion channels open

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28
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Different receptors respond differently to different stimuli with different speed, intensity and duration

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29
Q

will stop sending a signal even though the stimulus is still present

A

rapidly adaptive receptors

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30
Q

Which type of receptors continue to send a signal?

A

Slowly adapting receptors

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31
Q

What is the name for receptors that detect stimuli originating outside the body?

A

Exteroceptors

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32
Q

Exteroceptors detect

A

texture, temperature, color, chemical odors in air, level of light

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33
Q

What is the name for receptors that detect stimuli originating inside the body?

A

Interceptors

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34
Q

Interceptors detect

A

blood pressure, stretch of an organ (skeletal muscle or urinary bladder), concentration of certain chemicals in body fluids, body temperature

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35
Q

Based on the type of the stimuli detected, name five categories of receptors.

A

Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Nociceptor

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36
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Detects motion of position of a body or limb as to where it is

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37
Q

Most sensory neurons are what type of neuron?

A

Pseudounipolar

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38
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons located?

A

posterior root ganglion

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39
Q

What is the peripheral process of a sensory neuron?

A

Long axon, sensory receptor and peripheral process ends near the neuron’s cell body

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40
Q

What is the central process of a sensory neuron?

A
  • Exits the cell body and travels through the posterior root of the spinal cord to end the posterior horn
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41
Q

What two factors determine the speed of transmission of axons?

A

Diameter of the axon & thickness of myelin sheath

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42
Q

Is proprioceptive information transmitted quickly or slowly?

A

quickly

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43
Q

Is temperature information transmitted quickly or slowly?

A

slowly

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44
Q

Is pain information transmitted quickly or slowly?

A

slowly

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45
Q

Which area contains more sensory neurons, the fingertips or the forearm?

A

fingertips

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46
Q

Which has a larger sensory field, sensory neurons on the fingertip or on the forearm?

A

Forearm

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47
Q

Describe how you would measure the two-point discrimination threshold.

A

Two stimuli are placed closely together on the skin, stimuli are then moved apart until the subject can feel two distinct points

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48
Q

A dermatome is a segment of skin determined by the

A

spinal nerve that serves it

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49
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain that originates in an organ and is perceived as cutaneous pain

50
Q

why does referred pain happen

A

Visceral sensation travels along the same pathways as the somatic sensations

51
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

Outer pigmented epithelium & inner layer with photoreceptors

52
Q

two types of receptors

A

rods & cons

53
Q

What cells synapse with the photoreceptors? What types of cells are these?

A

Horizontal cells -> Bipolar cells

54
Q

What cells are next in the pathway? What do their axons form?

A

Amacrine cells, retinal ganglion dendrites

55
Q

What do cones detect?

A

color

56
Q

In what type of light do cones function best?

A

bright lights

57
Q

What area has a high concentration of cones?

A

fovea centralis

58
Q

what area of the retina lacks cones

A

edge of the retina

59
Q

what type of vision occurs due to the retina edge lacking cones

A

high acuity vision

60
Q

What do rods detect?

A

Light

61
Q

In what type of light do rods function best

A

low intensity/dim light

62
Q

What part of the retina lacks rods?

A

fovea centralis

63
Q

due to the fovea centralis lacking rods what vision is caused

A

peripheral vision

64
Q

What are the basic parts of a rod & cone?

A
  1. Synaptic terminals: the most anterior portion that contact bipolar cells
  2. Cell bodies with nuclei
  3. Inner segments that contain mitochondria and the typical cellular organelles
  4. Outer segments that are the side closer to the pigmented layer
65
Q

What is found in the outer segment?

A

Flattened discs that absorb light, formed from parts of the plasma membrane

66
Q

What pigment is found in the disc membrane of a rod?

A

Rhodopsin

67
Q

What are the two components of rhodopsin?

A

Opsin and retinal

68
Q

How many types of cone pigments are there?

A

3

69
Q

how can an entire range of colors be perceived?

A

react slightly overlap in wavelengths

70
Q

What causes color-blindness?

A

Person lacking a functional gene for one of more cone pigments

71
Q

What is the most common form of color-blindness

A

Red/green

72
Q

Why is colorblindness more common in males?

A

Red/green cone pigment is located on the x chromosome

73
Q

In terms of sending signals, how is the visual system fundamentally different than the other special senses?

A

Special senses are off until turned on

74
Q

In terms of sending signals, how is the visual system similar to the other special senses?

A

Visual system is on (in the dark when photoreceptors are depolarized) UNTIL turned off (when light hyper-polarizes the photoreceptor and it stops releasing neurotransmitters)

75
Q

How does the number of photoreceptors compare to the number of ganglion cells?

A

There are 105 million receptors but 1 million retinal ganglion cells –

76
Q

Why is vision so sharp in the fovea?

A

a ganglion cell receives input from only a single photoreceptor

77
Q

Why is peripheral vision less detailed?

A

The retinal ganglion cannot determine exactly which one of the photoceptors has been stimulated, so the brain does not receive previse visual info

78
Q

What is a visual field?

A

The area one can observe with one or both eyes when focusing on a central point

79
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

x-shaped structure formed by meeting of the optic nerves at the midline

80
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

A

where some of the axons of the optic nerve cross to the other side of the brain

81
Q

What are optic tracts?

A

Axons that leave the optic chiasma

82
Q

.What are optic radiations?

A

Axons of the lateral geniculate neurons grouped together

83
Q

Where do the axons of the optic radiations typically terminate?

A

Primary visual cortex

84
Q

What is the consensual pupillary response

A

When both pupils constrict

85
Q

if both pupils do not constrict it means ___

A

Damage, optic nerve, or brainstem damage

86
Q

What is stereoscopic vision?

A

Depth perception

87
Q

What are the three regions of the ear?

A

Outer, middle, inner ear

88
Q

Elastic cartilage covered with skin and fleshly lobule
- Funnels sound waves into external auditory canal

A

auricle

89
Q

Funnels sounds waves toward the tympanic membrane

A

External auditory canal

90
Q

“eardrum” epithelium and connective tissues that separates the outer ear from the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane

91
Q

secrete (ear wax) which lubricates & waterproofs the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane as well as traps debris and sweeps it out of the auditory canal

A

Ceruminous glands & cerumen

92
Q

What substance fills the middle ear?

A

Air-filled chamber in temporal bone lined with mucous membrane

93
Q

What structure connects to the middle ear?

A

Pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

94
Q

What part of the throat does it connect to?

A

Nasopharynx (throat posterior to the nasal cavity)

95
Q

What causes your ears to “pop”?

A

air pressure in the external auditory canal changes relative to the middle ear which cause tympanic membrane to stretch and bulge inward or outward

96
Q

how does yawning or swallowing cause ears to pop

A
  • Yawning or swallowing opens the pharyngotympanic tube and equalizes pressure in the middle and outer ears
97
Q

What are the three auditory ossicles?

A

malleus incus and stapes

98
Q

what structure do the auditory ossicles connect to?

A

connected by synovial joints and form a bridge that extends from the middle ear to the inner ear.

99
Q

function of auditory ossicles

A

Malleus is connected to the cone-shaped tympanic membrane and the stapes is attached to an oval membrane in the medial wall called the oval window. The ossicles amplify and convert sound waves in. the air into fluid movement

100
Q

what are the two tiny muscles in the ear

A

tensor tympani muscle
stapedius muscle

101
Q

Tensor tympani muscle function

A

pulls and tenses the tympanic membrane

102
Q

Stapedius muscle function

A

reduces movement of the ossicles as a unit

103
Q

What are the three regions of the inner ear? What is the basic function of each?

A

Vestibule and Semicircular Canals: detect head movement and position

104
Q

What is a labyrinth?

A

Network of winding passages

105
Q

mazelike series of tunnels

A

Bony labyrinth

106
Q

lines the inner walls of the body labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

107
Q

What is endolymph and where is it found?

A

Fluid with higher concentration of potassium ions than sodium ions
Found within the membranous labyrinth

108
Q

What is perilymph and where is it found?

A

Between the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth and has a higher concertation of sodium ions than potassium ions

109
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Houses two portions of the membranous labyrinth

110
Q

What structures are found in the vestibule? (

A

Utricle and saccule

111
Q

What is the (utricle and saccules) basic function?

A

Chambers contain receptor cells that detect head tilting and linear movement

112
Q

What are the semicircular ducts?

A

Detect rotational movement of the head in any plane (anterior, posterior, and lateral)

113
Q

How are the three ducts oriented to each other? What is the benefit of this?

A

Oriented at right angles to one another
- Detect rotational movement of the head in any plane (anterior, posterior, and lateral)

114
Q

Swollen bulb at the base of each duct which contains receptor cells in contact with neurons

A

ampulla

115
Q

opening of the cochlea

A

cochlear duct

116
Q

structure connecting to the cochlear duct

A

saccule

117
Q

What are the three ducts in the cochlea? What type of fluid is in each?

A

Scala vestibuli: perilymph
Scala tympani: perilymph
Cochlear duct (scala media): endolymph

118
Q

What are the membranes that separate the ducts in the cochlea?

A

Cochlear duct and scala vestibuli: vestibular epithelium
Cochlear duct and scala tympani: basilar membrane

119
Q

Which membrane supports the organ of hearing?

A

Basilar membrane

120
Q

term for the organ that supports the organ of hearing

A

Spiral organ (organ of Corti)

121
Q

What nerve is formed from the axons extending from the organ of hearing?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve (cochlear nerve) and then form the spiral ganglion

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