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devbio > rapid specification in snails and nematodes > Flashcards

rapid specification in snails and nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

what happens during fertilization

A

sperm and egg create a zygote with a new genetic blueprint

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2
Q

what happens during cleavage

A

rapid cell division
increases cell number but not the size

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3
Q

what happens during axis formation

A

establishment of body plan
timing and mechanism may vary among species, some during oocyte formation, cleavage, or gastrulation

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4
Q

types of axes (3)

A

dorsal-ventral
anterior-posterior
left-right symmetry

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5
Q

three layered structure (germ layers) formed in gastrulation

A

endoderm (inner layer)
mesoderm (middle layer)
ectoderm (outer layer

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6
Q

what is the dorsal-ventral axis and factors establishing it

A

back-belly
gravity and sperm entry point

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7
Q

what is the anterior-posterior axis and what type of molecules form them

A

head-tail
signaling molecules from the dorsal region of the blastopore

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8
Q

what is the left-right symmetry and what are the molecules and genes involved in its formation

A

asymmetry
molecules and genes involved in bilateral symmetry

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9
Q

what happens during the primary organ formation

A

differentiation of the germ layers into tissues and organs

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10
Q

what happens during organogenesis

A

further development of organs from the tissues

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11
Q

what is a zygote

A

fertilized egg

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12
Q

what happens during gastrulation

A

dramatic cell arrangement
establishes body axes
formation of 3 germ layers

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13
Q

what is a blastopore

A

mouth-like opening in the archenteron

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14
Q

what determines the coiling direction of snails

A

axis formation or during cleavage and gastrulation, specifically during the formation of left-right symmetry

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15
Q

azz

A
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16
Q

species used for studying development due to ease of lab maintenance

A

model organisms

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17
Q

when and how does cell fate determination happen

A

during cleavage and gastrulation, embryonic cells acquire their specific functions

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18
Q

what are eukaryotic organisms and to what do they divide into

A

has a nucleus and distinct chromosomes (genetic material) that undergo cell division (mitosis)
- multicellular eukaryotic organism
- metazoan

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19
Q

what are multicellular eukaryotic organisms

A

cells from mitosis stay together, forming a complete organism (plant, fungus, or animal)

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20
Q

what are metazoans

A

(animals) defined by undergoing gastrulation - which further leads to the formation of body axes

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21
Q

how many animal development pathways are there

A

35 metazoan phyla: 35 animal development pathways (not linear)

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22
Q

how does mitosis happen

A

cell divison that creates new cells with identical genetic material

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23
Q

(basal animal key points) what are dipoblasts

A

animals with two germ layers (endoderm and ectoderm) with little to no mesoderm
- ex. cnidarians (jellyfish) / ctenophores (comb jellies)

24
Q

(basal animal key points) what does ectoderm develop into

A

outer layer - skin, nervous system

25
Q

(basal animal key points) what does mesoderm develop into

A

middle layer - muscles, bones, connective tissues

26
Q

(basal animal key points) what does endoderm develop into

A

inner layer - lining of digestive tract

27
Q

(basal animal key points) info

A

Recent studies suggest Ctenophores, not sponges, are the most ancient animal group.
(Cnidarians having the oldest lineage is still debated)

28
Q

(basal animal key points) info (challenges for traditional distinctions)

A

(1) Sponges have genes for a nervous system, but lack one, suggesting it was lost in their evolution.
(2) Some Cnidarians might have a form of mesoderm and exhibit bilateral symmetry in certain life stages, challenging the traditional distinction between diploblasts and triploblasts.

29
Q

(basal animal key points) what gives rise to organs and tissues

A

germ layers

30
Q

(basal animal key points) characteristics of animals that gives them a left and right side that are mirror images of each other

A

bilateral symmetry

31
Q

(basal animal key points) traits evolving independently in different lineages

A

evolutionary divergence

32
Q

(animal body plans distinction) traditional: what are the characteristics of dipoblasts - cnidarians and ctenophores (3)

A

(1) Radial symmetry (body parts arranged around a central axis)
(2) Two germ layers (ectoderm & endoderm)
(3) No mesoderm

33
Q

(animal body plans distinction) traditional: what are the characteristics of tripoblasts - all other animals (3)

A

(1) Bilateral symmetry (left-right mirror image)
(2) Three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)
(3) Mesoderm forms muscles, bones, etc.

34
Q

(tripoblastic animals) advantages of having a mesoderm (2)

A

mobility: supported by muscles
body size: mesoderm gives rise to a circulatory system which supports larger bodies

35
Q

(tripoblastic animals) what are the two main branches of tripoblastic animals

A

protostomes
deuerostomes

36
Q

tripoblastic animals that forms the mouth first during gastrulation

A

protostomes
ex. mollusks (snails), arthropods (spiders)

37
Q

how does the coelom of protostomes form

A

schizocoely - develops from a solid mass of mesoderm cells hollowing out

38
Q

what are the two main branches of protostomes

A

(ecdysozoans) - to shed / arthropods, nematodes (molt their external skeletons)
(lophotrochozoans) characterized by spiral cleavage, trochophore larva (free-swimming larval stage with cilia), and lophophore (feeding structure in some adults / ex. clams)

39
Q

what does planktonic mean

A

living in open water and drifting with the currents

40
Q

tripoblastic animals that forms the anus first during gastrulation

A

deuterostomes
ex. chordates (humans, fish, frogs), echinoderms (starfish, sea urchins)

41
Q

how does the coelom of deuterostomes form

A

enterocoely - pouches from the gut extend to form the body cavity

42
Q

what features do chordates and vertebrates share (2)

A

notochord
pharyngeal arches

43
Q

what are notochords

A

a rod-shaped a that precedes the development of the backbone

44
Q

what are pharyngeal arches

A

structures in developing embryos that eventually form parts of the head and neck

45
Q

what are maternally active genes

A

genes in the egg that are inherited from the mother and influence development before the zygote’s genes are activated.

46
Q

what are blastomeres

A

cells formed by cleavage

47
Q

the classification of deuterostomes and protostomes is based on ____________

A

embryonic development

48
Q

(snails as devbio model) why are snails longstanding model organisms?

A

abundance
easy lab maintenance
variation
rapid development and cfd

49
Q

(snails as devbio model) mosaic development of snails (2)

A

(1) early blastomere removal leads to missing adult structures
(2) cells responsible for specific organs are highly localized

50
Q

differentiate autonomous and regulative development

A

autonomous: cfd is predetermined and removing a cell early results in a missing structure
regulative: cells can compensate for the loss of neighboring cells, adjusting their fates

51
Q

characteristics of snail embryo cleavage

A

(1) spiral cleavage (planes are not straight, but at oblique angles
(2) blastomeres are packed tightly together like bubbles
(3) fewer cell divisions before gastrulation

52
Q

(snails as devbio model) cfd of blastomeres

A

predetermined (mosaic development)

53
Q

(snails as devbio model) characteristics during blastula stage

A

early embryo with a hollow center (blastocoel)
blastocoeal are absent or very small - called stereoblastulae

54
Q
A

cleavage

55
Q
A

gastrula

devbio (4 decks)

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