Rapid Fire Facts Flashcards
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Wrist drop
Radial nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Scapular winging
Long thoracic nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Unable to wipe your bottom
Thoracodorsal nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Loss of forearm pronation
Median nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Weak external rotation of the arm
Suprascapular nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Loss of elbow flexion and forearm supination
Musculocutaneous nerve
What nerve is damaged with each of the following upper extremity symptoms:
Loss of wrist extension
Radial nerve
A 20 YO dancer reports decreased plantar flexion and decreased sensation to the back of her thigh, calf, and the lateral half of her foot. What nerve is involved?
Tibial nerve
Describe what’s happening:
Chondrocytes lay down a cartilage frame of bone, where osteoclasts and osteoblasts later lay down bone matrix. Occurs mostly in the axial skeleton and the limbs. Also, if there is a defect to this system, what pathology results?
Endochondral ossification - Achondroplasia
Describe what’s happening: osteoblasts and osteoclasts lay down a bone frame, without the cartilage matrix, as in the skull and facial bones.
Membranous ossification
The following describe a bone neoplasm: -Benign Less than age 25 Chunk of bone appearance What pathology is at hand?
Osteochondroma
The following describe a bone neoplasm:
- Malignant
- Age 10-20 years old
- Codman’s Triangle
- Sunburst appearance on X-ray
What pathology is at hand?
Osteosarcoma
The following describe a bone neoplasm:
- Malignant
- Less than 15 years of age
- Onion skin on XRay
What pathology is at hand?
Ewing Sarcoma
The following describe a bone neoplasm:
- Benign
- Age 20-40 years old
- Soap bubble appearance on X-ray
What pathology is at hand?
Osteoclastoma
Different cancers can make blastic or lytic lesions… what makes blastic and what makes lytic lesion?
- Lung
- Prostate
- Breast
Lung—> lytic lesions (can cause hypercalcemia in lytic lesions)
Prostate —> blastic lesions
Breast —> lytic or blastic
What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff???
SItS:
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- teres minor
- Subscapularis
What muscle initiates abduction of the arm?
Supraspinatus
What two muscles rotate the arm laterally or externally?
Infraspinatus and teres minor
What muscle moves the arm to perform internal rotation?
Subscapularis
What class of antibiotics increase the risk of tendonopathy and tendon rupture in adults?
Fluoroquinolones - rare, but increased risk of Achilles’ tendon rupture
What do you think of when you have a (+) anterior drawer sign?
ACL injury
In osteoarthritis, what is the name for inflammation in the proximal interphalangeal joints are called what? X-ray findings show decreased joint space narrowing.
Bouchard’s nodes
In osteoarthritis, what is the name for inflammation in the Distal interphalangeal joints are called what? X-ray findings show decreased joint space narrowing.
Heberden’s Nodes
Rheumatoid arthritis is what kind of hypersensitivity?
Type III - auto antibodies that bind to soluble antigens in the blood that form immune complexes that gets deposited in tissues.
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints is:
Osteoarthritis
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints is:
Rheumatoid arthritis
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath is:
Osteoarthritis —>”ebernation” of the bone
What is the triad of Sjögren’s syndrome? What are the antibodies associated?
Dry eyes (xerophthalmia) Dry mouth (xerostomia) Arthritis Anti-SSA (Anti-Ro), and Anti-SSB (Anti-La) (+)rheumatoid factor
*Sicca symptoms doesn’t necessarily mean Sjögren syndrome:
Dry eyes, dry mouth, nasal dryness, vaginal dryness, chronic reflux, chronic bronchitis, reflux esophagitis
This disease is associated with an X-linked frameshift mutation causing a DELETION of the dystrophin gene, causing acceleration of muscle breakdown and elevated CK. Typically presents very early in life (>5) with weakness in pelvic girdle muscles, that progress superiorly. There is pseudohypertrophy of calf muscles due to replacement of muscle with fibrofatty tissue. Shows “Gowers” maneuver. What pathology is at hand?
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
This pathology causes a MUTATION in the dystrophin gene, so less severe, and with later onset, seen in adolescence or early adulthood. What disease is at hand?
Becker muscular dystrophy
This pathology involves pain and stiffness in the shoulders and hips, malaise, weight loss, fever, and no muscle weakness. “Joint pain, joint weakness.” Average age is 70yo, females (3:1), and associated with temporal arthritis. What do blood tests show? What pathology is at hand?
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Blood: elevated ESR, Normal CK
Tx: steroids
Not a muscle problem!!!
What should you check for in a patient that has a Lupus diagnosis?
Renal function tests, as it can serve a a progression marker for the disease (increased mortality) showing renal failure with:
- Urine protein
- Serum creatinine
Diagnosis associated:
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug induced lupus
Diagnosis associated:
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST Syndrome
Diagnosis associated:
Anti-topoisomerase
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
Diagnosis associated:
Anti-Jo-1 antibodies
Polymyositis
Diagnosis associated:
Anti-Ro
Sjögren Syndrome
Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Diagnosis associated:
Raynaud phenomenon + facial rash in a young woman
Lupus
Diagnosis associated: most common cause of death on SLE
Lupus induced nephropathy
(AKA Selena Gomez)!!
Skin junctions: this zone joins 2 cells together to form an impermeable barrier to fluids. This prevents diffusion to pericellular spaces. What type of junction is this, and what proteins are associated with this area?
Zona occludens (tight junctions)
Proteins:
-Claudens and the Occludens
Skin junctions: this zone surrounds the perimeter. This is a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is leeched to the actin cytoskeleton. Cadherins are calcium dependent adhesion molecules that are in this zone. What is this zone, and the associated molecules?
Zona adherens (intermediate junction) Molecules: adherens, cadherins, and e-cadherins with actin filaments as well.
Skin junctions: this zone small discrete site of attachment. Cadherins attaches to intermediate filaments and keratin is also involved. What antibodies are involved?
Macula adherens (desmosome)
Antibodies to this junction would be: anti-desmosome, or anti-desmoglyan —> would be seen in pemphygus vulgaris.
Skin junctions: this zone allows adjacent cells to communicate through electric and metabolic functions. What zone is this, and what type of cell had many of these junctions?
Gap junction
Cardiac cells!
What type of junctions connect the epithelial cells to the basement membrane? Involvement of antibodies to this zone cause what?
Hemidesmosome (anchors down) and Integrins
Antibodies to hemidesmosomes leads to bullus pemphygoid
Skin junctions: this zone joins 2 cells together to form an impermeable barrier to fluids. This prevents diffusion to pericellular spaces. What type of junction is this, and what proteins are associated with this area?
Zona occludens (tight junctions)
Proteins:
-Claudens and the Occludens
Skin junctions: this zone surrounds the perimeter. This is a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is leeched to the actin cytoskeleton. Cadherins are calcium dependent adhesion molecules that are in this zone. What is this zone, and the associated molecules?
Zona adherens (intermediate junction) Molecules: adherens, cadherins, and e-cadherins with actin filaments as well.
Skin junctions: this zone small discrete site of attachment. Cadherins attaches to intermediate filaments and keratin is also involved. What antibodies are involved?
Macula adherens (desmosome)
Antibodies to this junction would be: anti-desmosome, or anti-desmoglyan —> would be seen in pemphygus vulgaris.
Skin junctions: this zone allows adjacent cells to communicate through electric and metabolic functions. What zone is this, and what type of cell had many of these junctions?
Gap junction
Cardiac cells!
What type of junctions connect the epithelial cells to the basement membrane? Involvement of antibodies to this zone cause what?
Hemidesmosome (anchors down) and Integrins
Antibodies to hemidesmosomes leads to bullus pemphygoid
What is the WAGR complex?
Wilms’ Tumor
Aniridia
Genitourinary malformations
Retardation - mental and motor
What type of collagen is used in slippery tissues and bloody tissues?
Slippery- type II collagen
-Cartilage, Vitreous body, nucleus pulposus
Bloody - type III collagen
-Blood vessels, Granulation tissue, skin, Uterus, and fetal tissue
