randop Flashcards
1
Q
CA-125
A
ASSOC WITH OVARIAN CANCER
1
Q
hpv assoc with cervical cancer
A
16 and 18
2
Q
enzyme with cofactor
A
holoenzyme
3
Q
action of ach
A
constricts airways
vasodilates and relaxes smooth muscle
4
Q
foetal haemoglobin components
A
2 gamma , 2 alpha
5
Q
parasympathetic nerves
A
II, VII, IX, X
6
Q
Codon assoc
A
each codon specifies one amino acid / stop codon only
7
Q
which secretagogue of parietal cells acts on m3
A
ach
8
Q
what does gastrin act on
A
g / cck2
9
Q
where dos histamine act
A
h2
10
Q
hunger hormone
A
ghrelin
11
Q
type of synovial joint - elbow
A
saddle type
12
Q
where does the trachea bifurc
A
t4/5
13
Q
sternal angle assoc
A
2nd rib
14
Q
where is ace located
A
lung vascular endothelium
15
Q
plays a role in memory immune cells
A
iGg
16
Q
What is c-myc assoc with
A
burkitts lymphoma
17
Q
psammoma
A
collections of calcium build up seen in mesothelioma
18
Q
staging for colorectal cancer
A
dukes staging
19
Q
inotropic
A
negative effect on force of contraction
20
Q
chonotropic
A
negative effect on heart
21
Q
effect ov vagus nerve
A
chonotropic
22
Q
where are mhc2 seen
A
on surface of macrophages
23
Q
junctions in sa node
A
gap junctions
24
What cells secrete mucins
goblet cells
25
action of club cells
Secrete glycoaminoglycans to portect epithelila lining
26
a tumour invading the what might cause fib, breathlessness, pleural effusion
pericardium
27
where is the large bore cannula inserted for tension pneumothorax
2nd intercostal space in the midclavicular line (ICS2-MCL) and the 4th/5th intercostal space in the mid axillary line (ICS 4/5-AAL)
28
ECG signs in PE
RBBB, tacky, S1Q3T3
29
what to perform in pe if in shock
alteplase
30
pink frothy sputum seen in...
left heart failure
31
inflamamtion seen in under 2s
bronchiolitis
32
medication for aspiration pneumonia
amoxicillin and metronidazole
33
HMG-CoA reductase drug
simvastatin
34
cancer showing raised calcium
squamous cell carcinoma
35
long term COPD patients shown
type 2 resp failure as rely on hypoxic drive
36
what to perform before acid fast d=to eliminate oedema and cap
chest xray
37
what to perform if no evidence of tension pneumothorax
chest xray
38
erythema nodusum
seen in tb
red lesions on shins
39
coffee bean sign
sigmoid volvulus
40
achalasia pathophysiology
lack of ganglia in auerbachs plexus
41
cirrhosis
hepatic stellate cells found in space of disse curve acitavted and changed into myofibroblasts
42
PSC a
auotimmune destruction of intra and extra hepatic bile ducts
43
PBC
destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts
44
main cause of acute appendicitis
faecolith obstuction
45
charcots triad for ascending cholangitis
ruq pain, jaundice, fever
46
dysentry
inflammation of intestines causing eithe rblood or mucus in stool
47
most common cause of fresh red blood in stool
haemmorihods
48
male most common type of hernia
inguinal
49
female most common type of hernia
femoral
50
procedure for uncontrollable variceal bleeding
TIPS
51
1ST line for variceal bleeding
endoscopic ligation
52
h.pylori eradication
amox, omep, clarity/ metron
53
what do chief cells produce
pepsinogen
54
what dp paretal cells produce
hydrocholric acid
55
what do g cell secrete
gatsrin
56
CEA
colorectal
57
CA-125
OVARIAN
58
Alpha fetaprotein
hepatocellular
59
CA-19
colon, stomach, bile duct
60
erythema nodusm
crohns , on shins
61
dermatiti sherpetifroms
coeliac, on elows
62
pyoderma gangrenosum
uc, opainful blisters on legs
63
cholestasis/ cholethiasis
deranged GGT and ALP
64
Anti-HBc
seen in previously affected ; not vaccinated
65
Anti-HBs
in vaccinated patients showing immunity
66
insulating matrial in CNS
oligodendrocytes
67
insulating material in pns
schwann cells
68
what is paraneoplastic syndorme seen in- weight gain
small cell lung cancer
69
tetraology of fallot
pulmonary stenosis, ventricular spetal defect, right ventrincular hypertrophy, overrding aorta
70
what is histamine secreted from
enterochromaffin like cells
71
norovirus assoc
short incubation time
24hrs
expolsive diarrhoea
72
how is norovirus detected
via pcr
73
right shift in oxyhaemoglobin cruve
- Increased temp
- Hypercapnia
- Acidosis
- Sicckle cell diseases
74
left shift of oxy curve
reduced 23dpg, hypothermia, alkalosis, carbon monoxide
75
superior to inferior branches of abdominal aorta
adrenal renal gonadal
76
parts of vertebrae
transverse process, pedicle, body,foramina
77
how does h.pylori lead to ulcr
stimulates gastrin production so erodes gastric mucosa as so much of it
78
what supplied greater curvature
left and right gasrtopiploic
79
what supplies lesser curvature
left gastric artery
80
what nerve supplies the ear
vestibulocochlear
81
what nerve innervates facial expressions
facial
82
narrow qrs tachycardia
supraventricular tachy
83
multiple nuceli
nuetrophil
84
benign tumour derived from glandular epithelium
adenoma
85
Cys-LT receptors blockage
montelukast
86
ipratropium MOA
blocks m3 muscarinic receptor to prevent bronchoconstriction
87
beclomethasone MOA
suppresses inflammatory mediators or activates anti inflammatory proteins
88
what virus can stay in the body in a latent state and reacticate to cause disease
herpes simplex virus
89
rusty coloured sputum
PNEUMOCOCOCAL PNEUMONIA A
90
Red currant jelly sputum
klebsiella
91
mucoid sputum
chlamydia psittaci
92
which cancer may cause cavities
squamous cell
93
what may cause radiofemoral delay
coarction of aorta
94
whihc hepatitis is dna rather than rna
hep b
95
what may show air under diaphragm
perforated ulcer
96
haemoglobin curve
sigmoid
97
myoglobin curve
hyperbolic
98
treatment for influenza a and b
oseltamivir
99
pleural rub
PE, pneumonia, pleurisy b
100
pleurisy
sharp chest pain when breathing deeply
pain is also felt in the shoulder
may be worse when you cough, sneeze or move around
may be relieved by taking shallow breaths
101
edward syndrome
trisomy 18
102
miscarriage
trisomy 14
103
turner syndrome
45X
104
47XXY
kinefelter syndrome
105
drug for stable a flutter
verapamil
106
management of hymaeodnaically unstable a flutter
dc cardio
107
pead referral genetic test
microarray comparative genomic hybridisation
108
which law defines resp distress in young
law of la place- smaller airways more liekly to fall
109
cells at base of crypt
paneth cells
110
branche from lung root
bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins , bronchial vessels, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymphatic vessels
111
ductus venosus
allows blood in umbilical vein to bypass liver - essential for foetal circulation
112
where does blood travel through from right atrium to IVC
via umbilical veins through the ductus venosus
113
what transports fatty acids through mitochondris
carnitine
114
what does glycogen phosphorylase catalyze
glycogen breakdown
115
where is sperm produced
seminferous tubules
116
what drains semen into urethra
ejaculatory duct
117
does complex 2 pump protons as electorns are passing through
no
118
low risk clinical waste colour
orange bag
119
between transverse and descending colon
splenic flexure of colon
120
no assoc wiht baroreceptor reflex when bp decreases
vasodilation
121
what is derived from ectoderm
epidermis of skin, nervous system
122
what does the mesoderm give risue to
connective tissue including muscles
123
what does the enderm give rise to
epithelium of gut and lungs
124
what is derived from neural crest
schwann cells, melanocytes
125
where is cuboidal epithelium seeen
stomach as its thick
126
what epithelium type is best for diffusion
squamous
127
what would you usually not do in sepsis 6
measure glucose as most are hypergylcaemic anyway
128
order to put ppe on
apron, mask, gloves
129
a patient in shocks pulse is liekly to be..
fast due to compensatory mechanisms
130
role of DNA polymerase
builds new dna tstrands in a 5'-3' direction
131
dna transcriptase
catalyses formation of rna from dna template during transcription
132
rna polymerase
synthesises Mrna in elongation of transcription in a 5 to 3 direction
133
baroreceptor reflex when bp increases
vasodilation
134
why is lacttic acrid produced
cells have to convrt nadh into nad +
135
smooth muscle tumour
leioma
136
skeletal muscle tumour
rhabdo
137
apex beat area
left 5th intercostal space
138
mitral valve ausc
left 5th intercostal, mic clav
139
are crypt abscesses seen in uc or crogns
uc
140
risk factors for ascending cholangitis
biliary stent and ERCP
141
anal asbcess formation
crohns
142
what does adiarrhoea cause
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
143
what does vomitting cause
metabolic alkalosis as you are losing acid
144
where does rna splicing occur
nucleus
145
where are ribosomes proudced
nucleolus
146
thromboxane a2 function
acitvated bybplatelets
potent vasoconstrictor
promoter of platelet aggregation
147
aspirin moa
inhibits thromboxane a2
148
what is prostacyclin produced by
endothelial cells
149
prostacyclinn function
inhibits platelet aggregation
vasodilator
150
compeititve inhibtion on vmax and km
vmax same, km change
151
non competitive
vmax changes, km same
152
AAA management
<3 cm, they are discharged
between 3 and 4.4 cm, they are invited back for yearly screening
between 4.5 and 5.4 cm, they receive an ultrasound scan every 3 months
Above 5.5 cm, they are referred to a vascular surgeon for consideration for repair
153
what are doacs contraindicated in for afib
those with creatine clearance <15 as they are renally excreted
154
common side effects of ace inhibs - not cough
kidney failure as they vasoldiate the renal glomeruli and so reduce the egfr
155
alternative drug if ace inhib causes renal failure
ccb
156
other side effect of ace inhibs- not cough/ renal failure
angiodema so causing swelling of lips and throat
157
synchronised cardioversion
for pulse
158
unsynchronised cardioversion
for no pulse
159
pulseless v tach
start compressions and unsynchronised
160
management for afib in asthmatics
diltiazem
161
sinus pauses, symptomatic Brady, spells of tachy
sick sinus syndrome
162
what is first- atropine or transcutaenous pacing
atropine then if that doesnt work do transcutaneous pacing
163
initial treatment for nstemi
aspirin
164
gold standard for aortic dissection
contrast enhanced computed tomography
165
recent viral illness, sinus tachycardia, ST changes and T wave inversion
myocarditis
166
consequence of chronic mitral regurg
atrial fibrillation
167
when are crts used §
used in moderate to severely affected heart failure patients to improve cardiac output
168
third line for hypertension
indapamide
169
third line for stable angina
beta blocker and ccb
170
fourth line for stable angina
beta blocker, ccb, and long acting nitrarte
171
wide oulse pressure
aortic regurgitation
172
what kind of drug is amiodarone
potasssium bcloker
173
would a pansystolic mumro be heard in dresslers syndrome
no
174
how would dresslers syndrome present
weeks to months post mi, pericardial friction rub may be heard
175
is afib a narrow or broad complex
narrow
176
managemnt of nstemi
aspirin and p2y12 inhibitor such as triglaceolr
177
bet a blocker overdose if atropine hasnt helped
glucagon
178
factors affected by warfarin
1972 menumonic
II, XII, IX,X
179
which anticaog is contraindicated in pregnancy
warfarin
180
which diuretic inhibits the sodium potassium chlordie co transporter
furosemide in the thick ascending loop on of henle
181
where are baroreceptors which detect bloop pressure located
carotid sinus
182
stroke volume calc
difference betwene end diastolic and end systolic
183
last step in the formation of an atheroma
Smooth muscle proliferation and migration from the tunica media into the intima
184
starlings law of the heart
end diastolic volume is proportional to the stroke volume
185
what cells are responsible for fat uptake in plaque formation
macrophages
186
where is there a tear in the aorta in aortic dissection
tunica intima
187
acts on the distal convulated tubule
bedroflumthiazide
188
menumonic for coeliac trunk branches
left hand side
left gatsric
hepatic
splenic
189
which diuretics may cause hypokalaemia
loop
190
does warfarin have a long half life
YES
191
What is the equivalent to cardiac preload
end diastolci volume
192
triglacelor MOA
inhibits ADP binding to platelet receptors
193
Which myopathy causes diastolic dysfunction
hypertrophic
194
which myopathy causes systolic dysfunction
dilated
195
bendroflumthiazide moa
inhibits sodiumnchloride transporter
196
where does inapamide act
distal convulated tubule
197
what is the plateau phase caused by
slow influx of calcium
198
what does WPWS do to the pr interval
shortens it
199
which leads does brugada syndrome affect
v1 and 2
200
brugada syndrome on ecg
ST elevation >2mm in V1-2 with subsequent negative T waves.
201
definitive management for brugada
implantable cardiac defib
202
what heart block are seen in fit athletes
type 1 and mobitz type 1
203
represent liver parenchymal cells
ast and alt
204
repreent synthetic liver function
prothrombin time and albumin
205
beefy red tongue
vit b12 def
206
investigations for heart failure
bnp first
echo next
if previous mi then do ecg first
207
to check if peptic ulcer has perforated
chest xray
208
acute pain on defeeacation
anal fissure
209
what requires valve replacement in valve disease
syncope
210
site of b12 absorb
terminal ileum
211
iron absorption
duodenum
212
what process is used in pcr
denaturation, annealing and elongation
213
what to perform is oxygen below 92 in a patient with pneumonia
ABGS, blood, blood culture then sputum culture
214
ph below 7.2 in pneumonia with foul smelling sputum suggestive of
empyema
215
managemnt of empyema
chest drain
216
what might rheumatoid arthritis cause
BRONCHIEACTASAIS
217
best investiagtion for ipf
high resolution ct
218
which side would the tension pneumo be on; reduced chest expansion and breath sounds or where the trachea is deviated to
reduced chats expansion and breath sounds
219
most specific sign for ARDS
new pulmonary infiltrates
220
ipratroprium
sama used in copd
221
next step for asthmatics with steroid and prevnteor
montelukast
222
pneumonia assoc with herpes
strep pneumonia
223
signet ring on ct
bronchieactasis
224
airway thickening and dilatation
bronchieactasis
225
most common site of metastaiss of lung cancer
brain
226
where do pancoast tumours normally present
kung apex
227
where are the resp centres locatd
brain stem
228
what is ipsilateral elevation of the hemidiaphragm in lung cnacer due to
compression of phrenic nerve
229
cause of copd in non smokers
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
230
moa of alpha 1 antitrypsin
protect the lung cells against the destructive action of neutrophil elastase that destroys alveolar walls causing emphysema and thereby COPD
231
which nerve supplies the pericardium
phrenci
232
what does type 2 hypersens involve
igm and igg binding to surface molecules
233
what releases histamine in response to allergy
basophils
234
malt assoc
h.pylori
235
t cell lymphoma assoc
coeliac
236
where are the central chemoreceptors
medulla oblongata
237
what is excoriations assoc with
raised bilirubin - causing itching
238
spontaneous bacterial peritonitis results
>250
239
most affected area in crohns
terminal ileum and colon
240
what should strep bovis endo patients have
a colonoscopy
241
management of pneumothorax
ASPIRATE
242
management of pneumothorax if have high risk characteristics i.e copd
chest drain
243
what is cck released from
i cells
244
how does gastrin increase h+ secretion
by gastric parietal cells
245
what does secretin increase
secretion of bicarbonate-rich fluid from pancreas and hepatic duct cells
246
what secretes gastric acid
parietal cells
247
impaired cftr
low hco3
248
s cells mOA
secrete secretin in response to reduced pH in the stomach
secretin acts to increase the rate of bicarbonate production in the pancreas
Increased bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid in the duodenum to allow pancreatic enzymes to function
249
what does secretin increase
rate of bicarb production
250
what does increased bicarb do
neutralizies the gastric acid allowing oancreatic enzymes to function
251
effec of pulmonary oedema on lung compliance
reduces it
252
examples of monosachharides
glucose and fructose
253
disachs
lactose and sucrose and maltose
254
what happens upon eating
pancreas releases insulin due to increased glucose
this jelps move glucose into all cells for energy
255
256
effect of insulin on liver
makes it store glucose as glycogen in aprocesscalled glycogenesis
257
what is amylase, lipase and trypsinogen secreted by
acinar cells in pancreas
258
what receptors do ductal cells ahve
cck, ach, secretin
259
what are acinar cells stimulated by
ach and cck
260
when does bicarb increase
when there is demand for acid neutralisation
261
hypertensive crisis managemnt
iv labetalol
262
strongest risk factor for barretts
gord
263
widespread downslopping st segmetns
digoxin
264
reciprocal st changes for lateral
III,AVF downslope
265
constricitve pericarditis assoc
assoc with dresslers syndrome
266
secondary cause of hypertension
renal disease
267
radio femoral delay assoc
coarction of aorta distal to ;eft subclavian
268
radial radial delay assoc
coarction of aorta porximal to left subc;aviam
269
How liver failure leads to oesophaeagl varices
Relief of portal pressure by diversion of blood through portosystemic collaterals
270
most common pathogens assoc with sponatneous bacterial peritontiits
gram neg rods- e.coli, klebsiella
271
pneumonia in alcoholics, homless and diabetics
klebsiella
272
first line pharmacotherapy for pulmonary fibroiss
pirfenidone
273
what is infliximab linked with
reactive tb
274
what might group a strep cause
throat infection (pharyngitis), tonsil infection (tonsillitis), scarlet fever, skin sores (impetigo) and skin infection (cellulitis).
275
campy organism
gram negative bacilli
276
strict aerobes
pseudmonas and legionella
277
treatment for coliforms
gentamicin
278
partial haemolysis
strep pneumonia
279
ciprofloxacin good activity against..
gram negative rods such as pseudomonas
280
drug inudced rash
iv vancomycin
281
what is the mrna molecule called
a transcript
282
does movement of the skeleton occur proximal or distally to a join
neither, occur at the joint
282
where are keratinocytes found
squamous epithelium
283
what indicates severe aortic stensois
presence of an s4
284
what is an s4 due to and what does it indicate
severe left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and indicates the presence of increased resistance to left ventricular filling
285
pr prolongation in aortic root abscess
suspicious for aortic root abscess
286
amaylase assoc
raised in acute pancreatitis but may not be raised in chronic
287
what do low levels of faceal elastase confirm
pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
288
what comes before oral mesalazine
mesalazine enma - rectum
289
what firbosis does pneumoconiosis caude
apical
290
causes basal fibrosis
amiodarone
291
supra vt treatment
adenosine
292
stable vtach treatment
amiodarone
293
torsades de pointes treatment
magnesium sulphate
294
pambertons sign positive
diagnostic test for svc obstruction
295
secondary prevention for mI
ace inhib, bb, statin, aspirin, anti platelet
296
5HT3 antagonist use
for nausea and vomitting prevention in chemo
297
most common organisms i bronchieactasis
Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TB, Bordetella pertussis
298
cor pulmonale
right heart failure due to chornic lung condition
299
signs of right heart failure
ankle/sacral pitting oedema, ascites, tender smooth hepatomegaly, and a raised JVP
300
what can raise a d-dimer
surgery and infections so isnt specific
301
first line investigation post surgery for pe and high wells score
CTPA
302
type 4 autoimmune conditions
type 1 diabetes
rheumatoid arthirtis
303
autoimmunity
presence of immune responses agaisnt self antigens
304
type 2 interferons
ifn gamma
305
role of ifn gamma
activates cd 4
306
halitosis, regurg, older male, bulging neck on swallowing
haryngeal pouch
307
