Randoms

Question 1

What hormones increase lower oesophageal sphincter tone?

Answer 1

Gastrin 
CCK
Motilin 
Oestrogen
A-adrenergic receptors

Question 2

What is the normal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure?

Answer 2

20mmHg

Question 3

What hormones decrease lower oesophageal sphincter tone?

Answer 3

secretin 
GIP
VIP
progesterone 
PGE-2 
Glucagon

Question 4

What are G proteins?

Answer 4

Heterotrimetric proteins
3 subunits - a, b, Y
Inactive - a binds to GDP
Ligand binds -> GDP exchanged fro GTP
A subunit will dissociate and cause downstream effects
GTP -> GDP and a subunit rejoins the complex

Question 5

What is velocity time integral?

Answer 5

AUD of velocity time curve, measured by doppler ultrasound.

For measurement of stroke volume

Question 6

Contraindications of tramadol?

Answer 6

Epilepsy
SSRI use
Increased ICP
Renal failure

Question 7

Metabolism of diclofenac

Answer 7

Liver phase 2 glucorunidation and hydroxylation

Question 8

Minimum volume of urine output per day?

Answer 8

500ml for obligate 600mOsm /day

(Maximal osmolality of 1200mOsm/L

Question 9

What is clearance

Answer 9

volume of blood cleared of the drug per unit time

Question 10

What is elimination?

Answer 10

the amount of drug cleared from blood per unit time

Question 11

How does one calculate the maintenance dose of drug infusion?

Answer 11

At steady state, maintenance rate = rate of elimination

Elimination = drug concentration x clearance

Question 12

Neonatal transfer of drugs via breast milk - is it generally safe?

Answer 12

yes, most common drugs are relatively safe.

Dose received in breast milk usually small

Question 13

When does the liver metabolic capacity of an infant start to increase?

Answer 13

At 6 months. Before then, relatively immature liver metabolism

Question 14

Which antibiotics should be avoided in breastfeeding?

Answer 14

Tetracycline

Ciprofloxacin

Question 15

List some drugs contraindicated in breast feeding

Answer 15

Amiodarone 
Lithium 
Tetracycline 
Ciprofloxacin 
Codeine / pethidine

Question 16

How is the effect of vitamin D different to PTH on the kidneys?

Answer 16

They both promote Ca reabsorption

Vitamin D promotes phosphate reabsorption while PTH promotes phosphate excretion

Question 17

Where is calcitonin produced and what does it do?

Answer 17

Produced in the thyroid gland by parafollicular cells
Acts to reduce plasma [Ca]
- Reduce renal reabsorption of Ca and PO4
- inhibit osteoclast activity

Question 18

What is the main contrast agent used in radiography?

What other contrast can be use

Answer 18

iodinated contrast media

Barium sulfate - GI tract
Gadolinium - MRI contrast

Question 19

List some adverse effects of IV contrast

Answer 19

• Hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis rare.
• Nephropathy, increases creatinine by >25% of baseline
• Metformin-induced lactic acidosis
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Increased vagal tone
• Emesis

Question 20

What are the ranges of voltage and frequency for EEG recordings?

Answer 20

0-200 microV

0.5 - 50Hz frequency

Question 21

Characteristics of awake EEG?

Answer 21

irregular/asynchronous
low voltage 30-80uv
high frequency, high beta predominance 20-30Hz

Question 22

What are the analysis withinIS frequency domain analysis?

Answer 22

1. Bispectral analysis / SynchFastSlow
   - Determine phase relationships and degree of incoherence.
   - Bicoherent waveforms are a feature of anaesthetised brain
2. Spectrogram: decomposition of EEG into its power content by frequency
   - By Fourier transformation to derive beta ratio.
   - More weighted during light sedation.