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Question 1

What are some factors that may affect GNSS signal?

Answer 1

1. Insufficient Coverage
2. Interference with GNSS signals
   • This directly affects availability. An interruption of GNSS signal can affect more aircraft simultaneously unlike a traditional NAVAID that may affect up to 200nm from the NAVAID station.

2) Cybersecurity and hacking
• As GNSS becomes more widely used, the risk of hacking, jamming and spoofing would increase and require stronger cyber measures.

Question 2

What does PBN comprise of?

Answer 2

RNAV and RNP.

Question 3

What is RNAV?

Answer 3

Area navigation is a method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within coverage of ground or space based navigation aids or within the capabilities of self contained aids or a combination of both.

Question 4

What are the advantages of PBN?

Answer 4

• Improves runway access

• Allows aircraft to utilize more efficient flight paths.

• Reduced fuel burn/ carbon emissions

• Airspace efficiency through reduced separation.

Question 5

What wave frequency does an NDB use?

Answer 5

Low or Medium frequencies.
Ground waves.

Question 6

What is ADF ?

Answer 6

The Automatic Direction Finder is a standard instrument onboard the aircraft that is used by the pilot to determine the direction to the NDB relative to the aircraft.

Question 7

What are the benefits of PBN to airlines?

Answer 7

• Optimized use of airspace:
-Improved capacity
-Traffic de-confliction
-Improved predictability of arrival time (improved sequencing)

• Lower Fuel Burn
-Less distance to Fly
-Better Vertical Profile
-Fully managed descent

• Safety
-Can potentially Remove Circle to Land -Better Energy Management
-Fully Managed Approach

Question 8

NDBs transmits on a omnidirectional signal. True or False?

Answer 8

True.

Question 9

What is the VOR commonly collocated with?

Answer 9

DME.

Question 10

What is the usable range of VOR?

Answer 10

Range varies in direct proportion to the altitude of the equipment.
At an altitude of 1000ft above ground level is about 40 - 45 mile. This distance increase with altitude up until a max of 200 miles.

Question 11

What is the “cone of confusion” ?

Answer 11

The area directly over a VOR that causes erroneous indications.

Question 12

What are the components of the ILS?

Answer 12

• The glide path
• Localisor
• DME
• NDB
• Marker beacon

Question 13

What guidance do the components of the ILS give to the runway?

Answer 13

Glide path: vertical guidance
Localisor: horizontal guidance
DME: provides range info (distance)
NDB: provides range info (radials)
Marker beacon: inner, middle and outer markers)

Question 14

How can the localizer beam and glide path beam be affected?

Answer 14

The localizor beam can be affected by departing and overflying aircraft

The glide path beam can be affected by moving aircraft.

Question 15

What are the limitations of DME?

Answer 15

DME range is affected by high air traffic density .
The DME ground station can only respond to a certain number of interrogations in a given period of time. (100 aircraft)
If too many aircraft are interrogating the ground station, it will automatically desensitize its receiver so that it can only hear and reply to the strongest interrogations.

DME error
• Caution needs to be exercised in evaluating DME readings by high-flying aircraft when in close proximity to the DME station.