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GIHEP > Random Stuff to Memorize > Flashcards

Random Stuff to Memorize Flashcards

1
Q

What is a oesophageal atresia/fistula?

A

abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus

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2
Q

What is a true and a false oesophageal diverticula?

A

True = all 4 layers pushed out

False = only mucosa + submucosa pushed out

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3
Q

What is the difference between oesophageal webs and rings?

A

Webs = mucosa folds only

Rings = mucosa, submucosa + fibrous bands

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4
Q

List 2 types of haitus hernias - which is more common?

A
  1. Sliding (Axial) - more common

2. Paraoesophageal (Non-Axial)

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5
Q

Is achalasia a functional or mechanical obstruction?

A

Functional obstruction - failure of LES to relax completely

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of achalasia?

A

degenerative - degeneration of the inhibitory neurons

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7
Q

What is a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

tearing of the lower oesophagus after severe vomiting

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8
Q

What are oesophageal varices?

A

dilated veins in submucosa of oesophagus

  • may rupture + bleed
  • mainly caused by portal hypertension
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9
Q

List the 3 main histological features of reflux oesophagitis

A
  1. Basal cell hyperplasia
  2. Increased eosinophils
  3. Elongated lamina propria papillae
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10
Q

What is long-segment and short-segment Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Long-Segment = greater than 3 cm

Short Segment = less than 3 cm

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11
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus increases the risk of what type of cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

reflux oesophagitis

- may occur in ppl with GERD

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13
Q

List 3 benign oesophageal tumours

A
  1. Leiomyoma
  2. Lipoma
  3. Fibroma
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14
Q

What are the 2 most common oesophageal cancers?

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - most common

2. Adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

How can a oesophageal tumour be diagnosed?

A

Barium Swallow
Endoscopy
Biopy

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16
Q

Where do SCC of the oesophagus occur?

A

upper + mid part of oesophagus

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17
Q

List some risk factors for SCC of the oesophagus

A 
alcohol
tobacco
long-standing oesophagitis
achalasia
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
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18
Q

What is Plummer Vinson Syndrome and what is it a/w? (hint: triad)

A
  1. Dysphagia
  2. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  3. Eosophageal Web

Glossitis + Increased Risk of SCC

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19
Q

What are the possible treatment options of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • resection
  • stent
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20
Q

What is the outermost layer of the oesophagus?

A

Adventitia

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21
Q

What is the outermost layer of the stomach?

A

Serosa

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22
Q

List some of the causes of acute gastritis

A
  • alcohol
  • NSAIDs
  • steroids
  • smoking
  • stress
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23
Q

List some of the clinical features/presentation of acute gastritis

A
  • epigastric pain
  • anaemia
  • haematemesis/malaena
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24
Q

What is a histological finding of acute gastritis?

A

influx by neutrophils + oedema

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25
Q

What is a histological finding of chronic gastritis?

A

influx of lymphocytes + plasma cells

26
Q

What are the 3 types of chronic gastritis?

A
  1. H. Pylori
  2. Autoimmune
  3. Reflux
27
Q

H. pylori associated chronic gastritis will increase the risk of what 2 things?

A

PUD

gastric cancer

28
Q

In autoimmune chronic gastritis there are antibodies to…

A
  • parietal cells

- intrinsic factor

29
Q

Autoimmune chronic gastritis is also seen with other autoimmune disorders like

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Addison’s disease

30
Q

List the 3 microscopic findings of chronic reflux gastritis

A
  1. foveolar hyperplasia
  2. vascular ectasia
  3. fibromuscular lamina propria
31
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and what can it cause?

A

caused by gastrinomas (neuroendocrine tumour) that produces too much gastrin and causes an increase in stomach acid

32
Q

What is the most common benign tumour of the stomach?

A

hyperplastic polyps

33
Q

List some of the benign tumours of the stomach

A
  • hyperplastic polyps
  • adenoma
  • hamartoma
  • fundic gland polyp
  • lipoma
  • schwannoma
34
Q

What is the most common malignant tumour of the stomach?

A

Adenocarcinoma

35
Q

List some of the malignant tumours of the stomach

A
  • carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
  • lymphoma
  • carcinoid
  • mesenchymal tumours (GIST, leiomyosarcoma)
36
Q

List some of the clinical features/presentation of gastric carcinoma

A
  • often asymptomatic until late
  • dyspepsia
  • nausea
  • weight loss; anorexia
  • abdominal pain
  • dysphagia
  • anaemia
  • haemetemesis/malaena
37
Q

List the 2 types of gastric carcinoma

A
  1. Intestinal Type

2. Diffuse Type

38
Q

What is Troisier’s Sign?

A
  • supraclavicular node - Virchow’s node

- usually met to the lymph node from a gastric cancer

39
Q

What mutation is present in GISTs?

A

C-Kit (mutation of CD117)

40
Q

What is the treatment for GISTs?

A

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Gleevec)

41
Q

What is the most common types of malignant cancer of the mouth?

A

SCC

note: most mouth cancers are primary

42
Q

What is Xerostomia?

A

dry mouth

43
Q

What is sialadentis?

A

inflammation of the salivary glands

can get sialorrhhoea or xerostomia

44
Q

What is sialorrhoea?

A

hyper-salivation; drooling

45
Q

Are benign or malignant cancers of the mouth more common?

A

benign

46
Q

What are 2 benign tumours of the mouth?

A
  1. Pleomorphic Adenoma

2. Warthin’s Tumour

47
Q

How is a pleomorphic adenoma of the mouth treated?

A

Wide Excision

48
Q

List 4 malignant tumours of the mouth

A
  1. Mucoepidermoid
  2. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
  3. Acinic Cell Carcinoma
  4. Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
49
Q

Which malignant mouth tumours presents with cribiform glands and has perineural invasion on histology?

A

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

50
Q

List 6 side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)

A
  • hypomagnesaemia
  • osteoporotic fracture
  • C. difficile infection
  • pneumonia
  • vitamin B12 deficiency
51
Q

List 2 genetic risk factors for the development of coeliac disease

A

HLA Class II - DQ2

HLA Class II - DQ8

52
Q

In coeliac disease, there are 2 antibodies that may help with the diagnosis which are:

A
  1. Serum Endomysial Antibodies

2. Tranglutaminase Antibodies (TTG)*

53
Q

What would be seen on histology of coeliac disease?

A
  • villous atrophy
  • crypt hyperplasia
  • epithelial damage
  • chronic inflammation
54
Q

What are some extra-GI disorders a/w coeliac disease?

A
  • Dermatitis Herpetiformis*

- Diabetes, Thyroid Dysfunction

55
Q

Coeliac disease can increase the risk of what type of cancer?

A

Non Hodgkins - Enteropathy Associated T Cell Lymphoma (EATL)

56
Q

What are 2 key characteristic histological findings of Whipple’s disease?

A
  1. lipid pools in the mucosa

2. PAS-stained distended macrophages in the lamina propria of the small intestine

57
Q

Why does intussuception of the small intestine happen in children? Why does it occur in adults?

A 
Children = no anatomic basis (usually lymphoid hyperplasia)
Adults = an intraluminal mass or tumour
58
Q

If a patient has non-obstructive appendicitis and there are Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells present, what is the cause?

A

Measles

59
Q

The main predictor of aggressive behaviour in neuroendocrine tumours of the small intestine is GRADE.

What stain may be used to determine the grade in these neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumours?

A

Ki-67 mutation - determines proliferation index

60
Q

Carcinoid tumours most commonly secrete serotonin. What are some of the effects of carcinoid syndrome?

A

facial flushing
intestinal hypermotility (diarrhea, cramps)
bronchoconstriction
right heart abnormalities

61
Q

What is the most common tumour of the appendix?

A

neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumour

62
Q

If there are multiple duodenal lesions/ulcers present, what syndrome would this be suggestive of?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

GIHEP (24 decks)

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