random studying for endocrine ????? Flashcards
what is the endocrine system composed of?
-ENDOCRINE GLANDS THAT PRODUCE HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD.
-GLANDS ARE SPREADED THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
HOW IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DIFFERENT?
NS; ACTS THROUGH ELETRICAL IMPULSES AND NEURONTRANSMITTERS TO CAUSE MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND GLANDULAR SECRETIONS.
- EFFECT IS SHORT, MEASURED IN SECONDS, LOCALIZED.
HOW IS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DIFFERENT THAN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
-ES; ACTS THROUGH CHEMICAL MESSENGERS CALLED “HORMONES”.
-THESE HORMONES INFLUENCE GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT. AND METABOLIC ACTIVIES.
- THE ACTION OF THE ES IS MEASURE IN MINITUES, HOURS, OR WEEKS.
WHAT ARE THE TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF GLANDS IN THE BODY?
-EXOCRINE GLANDS, ENDOCRINE GLANDS
WHAT ARE EXOCRINE GLANDS?
-HAVE DUCTS THAT CARRY THEIR PRODUCT TO A SURFACE AND HAVE A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS. SUCH AS SWEAT, SEBACEOUS, AND MAMMARY GLANDS, AND GLANDS THAT PRODUCE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES.
WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE GLANDS?
-GLANDS THAT DO NOT HAVE DUCTS TO CARRY THEIR PRODUCT TO A SURFACE.
-DUCTLESS GLANDS
WHAT ARE THE SECRETORY PRODUCTS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS?
HORMONES,
-THEY ARE PRODUCED DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOOD,
-AND THEN CARRIED THROUGHOUT THE BODY,
-WHERE THEY INFLUENCE ONLY THOSE CELLS THAT HAVE RECEPTOR SITES FOR THAT HORMONE
WHAT ARE HORMONES CLASSIFED AS?
PROTEINS OR STEROIDS.
ALL OF THE HORMONES IN THE HUMAN BODY, EXPECT THE SEX HORMONES AND FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX ARE COMPOSED OF?
-PROTEINS OR PROTEIN DERIVATIVES.
- THIS MEANS THEIR BUILDING BLOCKS ARE AMINO ACIDS.
Target tissue
all of the cells that have receptor sites for a given hormone.
What is the anterior portion of the pituitary gland called?
adenohypophysis
what is the posterior region called of the pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) Growth Hormone (GH)
what is its function?
-Stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and other organs
-By promoting protein synthesis
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Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) function?
Causes glandular cells of the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormone
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) function
- Reacts with receptor sites in the cortex of adrenal gland
-To stimulate secretion of cortical hormones (cortisol)
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
Gonadotropic Hormones
- React with receptor sites in the gonads (ovaries and testes)
-To regulate development, growth, and function of these organs
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)
-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
function
-Stimulates development of eggs in the ovaries and sperm in testes
-Stimulates estrogen production in female
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) Gonadtropic hormone function (female)
-Causes ovulation
-Causes production and secretion of female sex hormones (Progesterone
Estrogen)
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) Intersitial cell stimulating hormone
-Stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce and secrete testosterone (male sex hormone)
Hormones of the Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis) Prolactin (PRL) function
-Promotes development of tissue in female breast during pregnancy
-Stimulates milk production after birth of infant
Hormones of the PosteriorLobe (Neurohypophysis) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules
-Less water is lost as urine
-Conserves water for the body
Hormones of the PosteriorLobe (Neurohypophysis) Oxytocin
-Causes contraction of smooth muscle in wall of uterus
-Stimulates ejection of milk from lactating breast
what is the thyroid gland?
-Vascular organ located in the neck
-Consists of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea
-Connected by a narrow band of tissue
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine what does this hormone consists of?
-Thyroxine: 95%
-Triiodothyronine: 5%
-Requires iodine for synthesis
Iodine deficiency:
Thyroid cannot make sufficient hormone.
function of the Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
Help to regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
function of the calcitoin?
Reduces the calcium level in the blood
Parathyroid Glands function
-Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-Increases blood calcium levels
where are the adrenal suprarenal glands located?
-Paired glands, one located near upper portion of each kidney
-Divided into regions ; Adrenal cortex: Outer region, Adrenal medulla: Inner region
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex ; Mineralocorticoids function’
-Regulate blood volume
-Regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes in the blood
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex ( Aldosterone function;
Conserves sodium ions and water in the body and eliminates potassium ions
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex; Glucocorticoids function
-Increases blood glucose levels: Helps to maintain blood glucose levels between meals
- Cortisol: Principal glucocorticoid
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex ( Gonadocoritcoids function
- Sex hormones
Androgens: Male hormones
Estrogens: Female hormones
-created in minimal amounts by both sexes
what are the hormones of the Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla ?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
what is the function of Epinephrine and norepinephrine?
-these hormones are created in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nerves, during stressful situations.
- prepares body for strenous activity
“flight or fight” hormones.
what are the pancreases cell functions?
-Alpha cells secrete glucagon
-Beta cells secrete insulin
Glucagon and insulin are hormones that regulate what…?
blood glucose levels
why is glucagon produced?
it is a response to low concentrations of glucose in the blood
why is insulin produced?
it is produced In response to a high concentration of glucose in blood
what is the action of insulin?
Decreases blood glucose level
what are hormones do ovaries produce?
-estrogen, development of female sex characterizes
what are some of the functions of the pineal gland?
-regulation of circadian rhythms (sleepiness/wakefulness)
-Plays a role in hunger/satiety cycles, mood changes
-acts on the hypothalamus, promotes gonadotropin releasing hormone.
what does the thymus gland produce?
-thymosin, assists in the development of certain blood cells that help to protect the body against foreign organisms.
-Play an important role in the body’s immune mechanism
