random shite Flashcards
what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
ribose
deoxyribose
what are the 2 groups of bases
purine
pyrimidine
what type of base has a double ring structure
purine
what type of base has a single ring structure
pyramidine
what are the 3 units that make up a nucleic acid
pentose sugar
phosphate group
organic base
what is a polynucleotide
many nucleotide units
what bonds maintain DNA’s shape
hydrogen
what shape is DNA
helical
2 man functions of DNA
code for protein
replication (contains genetic code)
a dna double helix is made up from how many polynucletoides
2
what do nucleotides bond together to form
nucleic acid
how many H bonds are between adenine and thymine
2
how many H bonds are between cytosine and guanine
3
how many polynucleotides is DNA made up from?
2
how many polynucleotides is rNA made up from?
1
where is DNA formed
nucleus only
where is RNA found
ribosomes / cytoplasm
what can protein synthesis from DNA be shortened to?
dna = transcription in nucleus
what can protein synthesis from mRNA be shortened to?
translation at ribosome - polypeptide
summary of protein synthesis
DNA
transcription in nucleus
mRNA
translation at ribosome
polypeptide
what are chemoautorophic organisms
uses chemical energy to make more complex organic molecules
what are phototrophic organisms
uses light energy to make complex organic molecules
what are nucleotides made of
3 components (phosphate group, pentose sugar, organic base)
condensation reaction
what are autotrophic organisms
convert other forms of energy into chemical energy
what are the 2 types of autotrophic
chemoautrophic
photoautotrophic
defenition of chemoautrophic organisms
organism that uses chemical energy to make complex organic molecules
eg some bacteria
defenition of photoautrophic organisms
organism that uses light energy to make complex organic molecules
eg green plants
what are hetroptrophic organisms
eg animals
dereive their chemical energy from food
what is ATP made of
base - adenine
ribose sugar
three phosphate groups
by what reaction is atp broken down
hydrolysis
what breaks down atp
atpase enzyme
what bond is hydrolysised to change atp to adp
between 2nd and 3rd
what is atp broken down to
adp and inorganic phosphate ion
what is a exergonic reaction
releases energy
what is an endergonic reaction
requires energy imput
how would you turn adp to atp
condensation
what is phosphorylation
addition of a phosphate group
why cant we use glucose for energy
uncontrolled release of enery wuld produce a temperature increase that would destroy cells
release energy gradually through small steps called respiration
tip to remember pyrimidine bases
cYtosine
thYmine
(uracil)
what are the roles of ATP (5)
metabolic processes
active transport
movement
nerve transmission
secretion
significance of ATP in secretion
packaging and transport of seceratory products into vesicles in cells
significance of ATP in movement
eg muscle contraction
significance of ATP in nerve transimtion
sodium - potasium pumps activeley transpoty S and Potass ions across the axon membrane
significance of ATP in active transport
allow ions to move against conc gradient
significance of ATP in metabolic processes
build large complex molecules from smaller simpler molecules
what happens when a phosphate gorup transfers from ATP to another molecule
make recepient mol more reactive
defeinition of gene
section of DNA on a chromosome which codes for a specific polypeptide
how to find number of amino acids from the bases
bases divided by 3 = amino acids
