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Question 1

Cystinuria

Answer 1

Dec absorption of basic AA in PT and intestine -> renal stones and chronic pancreatitis but NO protein malnut (bc essential AA lysine received from dipeptides from PEP1)

Question 2

Hartnup Disease

Answer 2

Impaired absorption of neutral AA in renal tubules and SI -> rash, psych symptoms, NO protein malnut (dipeptides from PEP1)

Question 3

Ezetimibe

Answer 3

Blocks NPC1L1, which takes up cholesterol

Question 4

LXR

Answer 4

Liver X Receptor, stimulated by oxysterols to activate ABCG5/8 to pump cholesterol out of intestinal cell

Question 5

Orlistat

Answer 5

Inhibit GI lipases to block absorption of dietary fat

Question 6

2 AAs can make from others

Answer 6

C from M and Y from F (both unidirection)

Question 7

Sucrose

Answer 7

Glucose and fructose

Question 8

Maltose

Answer 8

Glucose and glucose

Question 9

Lactose

Answer 9

Glucose and galactose

Question 10

Hirschsprung’s Disease

Answer 10

Ganglion cells of enteric plexuses missing, and that segment remains permanently contracted creating functional obstruction (especially colonic)

Question 11

Enterogastric Reflex

Answer 11

Nerves from duodenum slow stomach emptying upon distension/shit (hormones do too)

Question 12

Intestino-intestinal reflex

Answer 12

If area grossly distended, contractile activity in rest of bowel inhibited. Depends on extrinsic neuronal connections

Question 13

Gastroileal Reflex

Answer 13

At ileocecal valve, chyme sometimes just chills. When food from new meal leaves stomach, increase peristalsis here to push chyme into colon (vagal)

Question 14

Gastrocolic Reflex

Answer 14

Distension of stomach and duodenum facilitates mass movements at colon (5HT and ACh)

Question 15

Lung-UES Contractile Reflex

Answer 15

Lung overdistention or rapid deflation increases UES tone (COPD can cause problems)

Question 16

Pharyngo-UES Contractile Reflex

Answer 16

Increase UES pressure in response to pharyngeal water stimulation

Question 17

Primary Achalasia

Answer 17

Idiopathic degeneration of ganglion cells of Auerbach’s plexus (failure of LES to relax normally)