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Urology > Random Questions > Flashcards

Random Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors associated with FIC?

A

YOUNG ~2-7yrs

male

overweight

environmental factors

stress

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2
Q

IF a patient is fluid overload, will you see edema form before or after there is organ damage?

A

AFTER

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3
Q

A dog or cat w/ AKI may have an elevated anion gap which is indicated by an anion gap levels > ?

A
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4
Q

Abnormal function of the glomerulus often presents with what clinical finding?

A

proteinuria

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5
Q

Which two breeds are congenitally pre-disposed to GN?

A

terriers & french bulldogs

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6
Q

When reading a urine dipstick, which measures are not accurate?

What factors affect the urine dipstick results the most?

A

SG, nitrites, urobilinogen, leukocytes

moisture, alkaline urine, discolored urine

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7
Q

What environmental considerations are important for tx of FIC?

A

litterboxes

food & water

social interactions: people & other cats

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8
Q

What are the benefits of fluids to a patient with CKI?

A
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9
Q

What are the considerations for UTI tx w/ abx?

A
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10
Q

What biochem changes might be observed with AKI?

A
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11
Q

An owner reports a dog is drinking more. How can you tell it is polyuria?

A

>100 mL/kg/day

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12
Q

A dog present with the following signs. DDX?

A

AKI

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13
Q

What factors can affect UPC and not affect UPC?

A
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14
Q

What is the SG values for isosthenuric/hypo/hypersthenuric urine?

A
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15
Q

What are the management principles for AKI?

A
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16
Q

What tx could be used for FIC that may be beneficial but no strong evidence supports their use?

A

feliway to reduce STRESS & aggressive social interactions

Tricyclics (Amitriptyline)- antidepressants w/ anti-inflammatory effects** (avoid rebound inflammation when quickly remove)

GAG (human evidence altered in UT- helps HIC)

steroids/NSAIDS/analgesics- good for pain

muscle-relaxants, anti-spasmodic, paralytics

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17
Q

If a cat presents with FIC, what would be the best method of approach?

A

Wait for 2-7d as most cases spontaneously resolve (80-90%)

only 39-55% have a recurrence

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18
Q

What drug is a parasympathomimetic that can be used to stimulate detrusor cx?

When is the drug CI?

A

bethanechol

CI if there is a urethral obstruction

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19
Q

What happens when 2/3 fxn mass kidney loss? 75%?

A

lose fluid control

decreased excretion of BUN/CRE

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20
Q

What clinical actions should be taken w/ regards to UPC levels based on IRIS?

A
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21
Q

What two things does IRIS include in subtype staging that are associated w/ progression of CKI?

A

BP- hypertension

proteinuria

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22
Q

Describe the neurological control of the storage (filling) phase.

A

The hypogastric (lumbar; sympathetic) stimulates b-R to cause relaxation of the bladder & a-R to stimulate the internal sphincter to cx and hold it closed

pudendal n. - voluntary control

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23
Q

Why does uremic gastritis develop in AKI? Tx?

A
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24
Q

A young male DSH presents for dysuria, pollakiuria, and periuria for the first time. What would be the best first step DX? What if this was a recurrent problem/complicated case?

A

UA w/ sediment

Urine culture

Rads

If complicated: Chem/CBC, U/S, +/- contrast urethrocystography/urethrocytoscopy (females)/biopsy

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25
Q

Which signs are/are not typically associated w/ FLUTD?

A

NOT associated is PU/PD

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26
Q

What is the neuro pathway of voluntary sensory and motor voiding of the bladder?

A

sensory: distension is sensed by the pelvic n. & pain/over-distension- hypogastric n.
motor: pons- spinal cord-sacral- pelvic n. (parasympathetic)- activate via Ach detrusor muscle

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27
Q

A cat is DX via exclusion w/ FIC. When would if be appropriate to not treat the cat?

A

NO tx: benign neglect if:

mild

episodic (w/ short duration)

infrequent

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28
Q

What results would you expect if you spun down urine and blood looking to differ betw/ blood/Hgb/Myogb?

A
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29
Q

Is clavamox a good abx to tx E.coli UTI?

A

no

use amikacin which is also effective against staph

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30
Q

Infectious causes of AKI are more common in dogs or cats? What about urinary obstructions?

A

dogs

cats

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31
Q

When performing a excretory urogram, what does it help with diagnosing UTI?

A
32
Q

Proposed pathophysiology for FIC?

A
33
Q

In what state does SG need to be evaluated to make a determination of pre-renal?

A

dehydrated state

34
Q

Describe the P-binder available for CKI?

A
35
Q

To classify as pre-renal in a dehydrated state the SG for dog & cat must be >/equal to ??

A

dog 1.035

cat 1.040

36
Q

What is the tx for USMI?

A
37
Q

What are the three options for tx a mixed infection for UTI?

A
38
Q

What are the stages of AKI?

A

Initiation→extension→maintenance→recovery

39
Q

Name most common urinary bacteria?

A

E.coli, straph

40
Q

How is fluid load defined?

A

>10% increase in BW from baseline

41
Q

A cat is dx w/ FIC. You tell the owner that there is a cure and the cat will be fine. T/F

A

False

there is no cure

focus on decrease frequency & severity of signs & reduce the risk of obstruction

42
Q
A
43
Q

What does the staging system for AKI- RIFLE stand for?

A

risk

Injury

Failure

LOF

End Stage Renal DZ

44
Q

What is the most common cause of FLUTD?

A

Feline Idiopathic cystitis (FIC)

>50% all FLUTD

~64-69% of non-obstructive FLUTDs

(rare for cat to have a UTI- not as common as you would think)

FIC>Uroliths>UTI>neoplasia>fxn disorders>others

45
Q

For AKI, what is the normal urine output (mg/kg/hr), oliguric, anuric?

A
46
Q

What is the difference in diagnostic intervention for proteinuria alone or +/- other conditions from IRIS?

A
47
Q

What structures does an excretory urogram evaluate?

A
48
Q

What structures does cystoscopy evaluate?

A
49
Q

What are the parts of nephrotic syndrome?

A

proteinuria, hypoAL, hyperchol, edema +/- azotemia

50
Q

What uremic complications do we want to avoid by starting dialysis early?

A
51
Q

What considerations are important for cats w/ FIC?

A

canned food - want the cat to increase its water consumption anyway possible

prescription diet may help to improve symptoms (struvite prevention important for obstructive cases)

52
Q

What are the key things to keep in mind regarding IRIS staging of CKI?

A
53
Q

What are the target levels of pH/HCO3 for animal w/ CKI? How would you tx MA?

A
54
Q

How would you dx an ectopic ureter?

A
55
Q

What might the bloodwork show CBC/Chem for a dog w/ UTI?

A
56
Q

How would a cat present w/ FIC?

A

non-specific signs of LUTD

few systemic signs (unless obstructed- aka spasm or urethral plugs)

57
Q

How do you tx a physical urinary obstruction?

A
58
Q

In non-azoemic dogs/cats, what levels of CRE would you monitor, investigate, and intervene?

A
59
Q

In azotemic dogs/cats, what levels of CRE would you monitor, investigate, and intervene?

A
60
Q

define pollakiuria

A

increase frequency & small volume

61
Q

How to the C.S. differ for LUTD vs. UUTD?

A
62
Q

What is the cause suggested for USMI?

A
63
Q

How would you tx an ectopic ureter that is intramural? Extramural?

A
64
Q

DDX if a animal is having stranguria, pollakiuria, and hematuria?

A
65
Q

What measure reqs. are used to IRIS staging of CKI?

A
66
Q

What two animals a pre-disposed to amyloidosis?

A

Abyssinians & Sharp pei

67
Q

How would you tx detrusor spasticity?

A

tx the underlying cause

enhance relaxation (use anti-cholinergic drugs)

68
Q

How can you dx between urethral spasm & obstruction?

A

place a urinary catheter

rads

69
Q

How do you differ AKI from CKI?

A

AKI vs. CKI

70
Q

>50% CKI cases are caused by what?

A

Idiopathic

71
Q

Storage disorder are/are not associated with stranguria e/c in the two cases of …

A

ARE NOT unless:

if destrusor instability- may have frequent small urinations but not stranguria
other factors of storage disorders can put a patient at risk for UTI- perform urine culture

72
Q

What is the tx for urethrospam?

A
73
Q

What are the potential different inciting causes of renal AKI?

A
74
Q

What is the basic tx for detrusor atony?

A

address underlying cause (neurogenic vs. non-neuro obstruction)

keep the bladder small & re-establish tight jxns

stimulate detrusor cx (parasympathomimetic)

75
Q

How would you control hypertension in a dog vs cat w/ CKI?

A
76
Q

What UA results would you expect w/ AKI?

A
77
Q

What changes in CRE and urine production indicate AKI?

A

Urology (2 decks)

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