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Urology > LA Random Questions > Flashcards

LA Random Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Average water intake and urine production for LA?

A

water intake: 40-60 ml/kg/day

urination: 5-20 ml/kg/day

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2
Q

Define Dysuria

A

exhibiting pain on urination

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3
Q

What three key elements can be assessed w/o evening handling an animal?

A

behavior

neurological elements

edema

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4
Q

Of the following structures, which cannot normally be transrectally palpated?

kidney

ureter

bladder

urethra

A

ureter

right kidney in cattle

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5
Q

What is unique about the structure of bovine kidneys?

A

lobulated

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6
Q

In which animal is urinary catheterization not possible?

A

male ruminants

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7
Q

Why is CRE a better measurement than BUN for renal disease?

A

BUN is affected by many more factors than CRE

BUN is a byproduct of amino acid metabolism, and it can be altered by diet, hydration status, sweating, and liver disease as well as urea recycling by the rumen microbes

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8
Q

What is the equation for Urea clearance?

A
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9
Q

What is the change in serum electrolytes for acute vs. chronic kidney dz?

A

Acute: Na/Cl decrease, K/Mg increase

Chronic: horses- Ca increase P decrease

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10
Q

In a horse, what would a cloudy straw yellow colored urine indicate? What if this was observed in a ruminant?

What if the urine was brown?

A

normal for a horse- CaCo3 + mucus

pyuria (should be clear in ruminants)

Brown- most likely myoglobin

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11
Q

Under what circumstances would a ruminant likely not have an alkaline urine?

A

high protein diet

anorexic

neonate

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12
Q

What are the expected SG for iso/hypo/hypersthenuric urine?

A
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13
Q

What urine SG would be expected in a suckling foal?

A

<1.008

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14
Q

A high producing dairy cow has a SG of 1.010. What does that indicate?

A

normal

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15
Q

What is the formula for fractional clearance?

A
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16
Q

What are the normal fractional clearances for Na/K/Cl/P?

A
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17
Q

What is the formula for Urine GGT: Cr?

What level indicated tubular damage?

A
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18
Q

DDX for proteinuria?

A

glomerular dz

exudative process in ureter, bladder, urethra

contamination from the vulva

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19
Q

What two things can cause a false + for protein in the urine?

A

alkaline urine

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

What is the renal threshold for LA for glucose?

A

150 mg/dl

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21
Q

If a patient presents w/ glucosuria and the following, what is the likely DDX?

normoglycemic

hyperglycemic

A
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22
Q

What levels of WBC & RBC would be abnormal in the urine of a LA? Likely DDX?

A
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23
Q

The kidney cortex should be more/less echogenic than the medulla?

A

more

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24
Q

How do you interpret the results of a water deprivation test?

A
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25
Q

A young colt presents with…

DDX?

How would you diagnose it?

A

Uroperitoneum

rads, methylene blue fluorescein, contrast rads

pre-renal azotemia: incr. K*, decr. NaCl

Peritoneal Cr >2x serum Cr

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26
Q

What type of fluids would you administer to a colt with uroperitoneum? What other tx would you consider?

A
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27
Q

What is the order of most common stones to get in the UT in horses?

A
28
Q

What two factors contribute to nucleation? (w/ regards to urolithiasis)

A

nidus (UTI/urine stasis)

urine stasis

29
Q

Two most common stone types in horses?

A

Calcium carbonate

Ca phosphate

30
Q

What is the difference in presentation C.S. w/ a cystolith vs. nephrolith/ureterolith?

A
31
Q

Techniques to remove uroliths from mare?

A
32
Q

Techniques to remove uroliths from males horses?

A
33
Q

Post-SX tx for uroliths in horses?

A
34
Q

If you observe blood at end of urination vs. throughout, localize issue vs. at the beginning?

A

end- bladder/ proximal urethra

throughout- kidney/ureter

begin: distal urethra

35
Q

An arabian horse presents acute life threatening hematuria. DDX? TX?

A

Idiopathic Renal hematuria

36
Q

TX for urethral tear in quarter horse gelding?

A
37
Q

Describe the causes of LMN urinary incontinence?

A
38
Q

How does sediment lead to a myogenic bladder in horses?

A
39
Q

How much water consumed & urine produce to classify as PD/PU in horse?

A
40
Q

Describe the water deprivation test and different DDX?

A
41
Q

What is the C.S. of a ruminant w/ Oak tox?

A
42
Q

Pathophys and clinical presentation of a ruminants w/ lepto?

A
43
Q

Clinical Findings of AKI in ruminants?

A
44
Q

C.S. & DX of pyelonephritis in ruminants?

A
45
Q

What is the areas of obstruction in ruminants w/ urolithiasis?

A
46
Q

What are the best steps for prevention in ruminants w/ urolithiasis

A

encourage H2O consumption

to avoid estrogenic growth stimulants

delay castration

47
Q

Classification of pre-renal azotemia in LA?

A
48
Q

Most common cause of AKI?

A

acute tubular necrosis

49
Q

Continuum of pre-renal azotemia characterized by prolong hypotension &blood loss

A

ischemia (aka vasomotor) nephropathy

50
Q

How do AG abx affect renal fxn?

A
51
Q

Which is more toxic gentamycin or amikacin?

Why do you only want to once daily dose AG abx?

A
52
Q

Besides AG abx, what other anti-microbials are toxic to kidneys?

A
53
Q

How does NSAIDS cause AKI?

A
54
Q

What area of kidney do NSAIDS affect most?

A

medullary crest necrosis (low blood flow)

55
Q

Name the two types of pigment nephropathies and their causes? What part of kidney is most affect?

A

CORTEX- incr. blood flow

pigments- vasocx-ischemia

tubular obstruction by protein casts

hydroxyl radicals

56
Q

Horses are an incidental host for lepto except what serovar?

A

bratislava

57
Q

Is Acute GN common in horses? What dz associated?

A

RARE

streptococcus or EIAv

58
Q

What will we find on chem and urinalysis w/ AKI?

A
59
Q

What will be observed on U/S w/ AKI?

A
60
Q

TX for AKI?

A
61
Q

Types of CKD?

A
62
Q

T/F
Correlation between the magnitude of azotemia and degree of the uremic syndrome is poor

A

True

63
Q

What factors of CKI cause ventral edema?

A
64
Q

What is the BUN/CR ration for AKI vs. CKI?

A

AKI <10:1

CKI >10:1

65
Q

electrolyte, AL, and chol changes w/ CKI?

A
66
Q

What does a CRE level of 5, 10-12, >15 mean for prognosis?

A
67
Q

TX/management of CKD?

A

Urology (2 decks)

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