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Binocular/Colour/Perceptual Vision > Random Questions > Flashcards

Random Questions Flashcards

1
Q

A 23-year old female is seen at your office with concerns of eye fatigue, diplopia and headaches after 30 minutes of computer use. Her subjective refraction is +0.25 D OU. Her near point of convergence is 15 centimeters. What is the most likely diagnosis based solely upon this information?

A

Convergence insufficiency

  • receded NPC
  • diplopia generally absent in latent hyperopia
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2
Q

Convergence Insufficiency

  • AC/A?
  • accommodation?
  • PRA/NRA?
  • vergences?
A
  • exophoria greater at near than distance
  • low AC/A ratio
  • receded NPC
  • normal accommodation
  • low NRA
  • low BO vergence ranges
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3
Q

NPC break and recovery?

A

5 cm // 7 cm

Tip: red/green glasses will make the system more fragile

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4
Q

Pseudoconvergence insufficiency

A
  • receded NPC

- accommodative insufficiency, not convergence problem

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5
Q

How to differentiate pseudo CI vs real CI?

A

Use +2.00 lens in front of patient.

True CI will have difficulty, pseudo will not because the lens makes up for the insufficient accommodation.

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6
Q

Sheard’s Criterion

A

2/3(phoria) - 1/3(compensating vergence)

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7
Q

Training for… convergence insufficiency?

A
  • VT

- if no improvement, prescribe BI prism based on Sheard’s

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8
Q

Training for… convergence excess?

A
  • plus lens at near

- VT or prism as needed

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9
Q

Training for… divergence insufficiency?

A
  • BO prism at distance
  • then VT
  • refer if neurological
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10
Q

Training for… divergence excess?

A
  • VT

- prism or minus lenses

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11
Q

Training for… Basic Exo?

A
  • BI prism, VT
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12
Q

Training for… Basic Eso?

A
  • BO prism, VT
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13
Q

Training for… vertical imbalance?

A
  • prism
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14
Q

Insufficiencies have (high/low) AC/As

A

LOW!

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15
Q

Excesses have (high/low) AC/As

A

HIGH!

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16
Q

What can you do for antisuppresion therapy?

A
  • increase illumination
  • movement
  • blur nonsuppressed eye
  • increase contrast for suppressed eye
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17
Q

What is Hering’s Law?

A

Hering’s law of equal innervation is used to explain the conjugacy of saccadic eye movement in stereoptic animals. Yoked movement.

18
Q

Eccentric Fixation

A

Monocular phenomenon where a non-foveal area is used to fixate.

19
Q

Bruckner Test

A

Use ophthalmoscope at 80-100cm to assess red reflex.

20
Q

Bruckner Test - Inferior Crescent

A

MYOPIA!

21
Q

Bruckner Test - Fixating eye reflex

A

Darker!

22
Q

CN 1

A

Olfactory

- smell

23
Q

CN 2

A

Optic nerve

- vision

24
Q

CN 3

A

Oculomotor nerve

- innervation to SR, IR, IO, MR, iris sphincter, ciliary muscle, levator

25
Q

CN 4

A

Trochlear nerve

- innervate SO

26
Q

CN 5

A

Trigeminal nerve (V1 - opthalmic, V2 - maxillary, V3 - mandibular)

  • corneal and facial sensation (sensory)
  • motor to muscle mastication
27
Q

CN 6

A

Abducens nerve

- innervates lateral rectus

28
Q

CN 7

A

Facial nerve

- facial motor function, taste to anterior 2/3 tongue, lacrimation + salivation (parasympathetic innervation)

29
Q

CN 8

A

Vestibular

- hearing and equilibrium

30
Q

CN 9

A

Glossopharyngeal

  • taste posterior 1/3 of tongue
  • sensory from carotid sinus
  • motor innervation pharynx
31
Q

CN 10

A

Vagus nerve

  • decrease heart rate
  • carries sensory info from esophagus, respiratory tract and abdominal viscera
32
Q

CN 11

A

Spinal accessory nerve

- motor innervation to trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and muscles swallowing

33
Q

CN 12

A

Hypoglossal

- motor to tongue

34
Q

Bilateral INO

A

Associated with multiple sclerosis

35
Q

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

A

When gaze is made contralateral to the affected eye, limited adduction occurs. Contralateral eye will move laterally but have nystagmus.

“The disorder is caused by injury or dysfunction in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a heavily myelinated tract that allows conjugate eye movement by connecting the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF)-abducens nucleus complex of the contralateral side to the oculomotor nucleus of the ipsilateral side.”

36
Q

Congenital nystagmus characteristics

A
  • binocular
  • conjugate
  • associated
  • no oscillopsia
  • damped by convergence
  • superimposed latent nystagmus
  • abolished in sleep
  • nystagmus direction same in all positions
37
Q

Conditions associated with congenital nystagmus

A
  • ocular albinism
  • aniridia
  • congenital optic nerve disease
  • achromatopsia
38
Q

When a patient has a right head turn, diplopia is worse on (right/left) gaze?

A

Right gaze!

Because with a right head turn, patient is looking left.

39
Q

A patient with a 4 prism diopter right hyperphoria has 5/3 right supravergence and 4/2 right infravergence. What is the correctinve prism needed?

A

0.5 base down over right eye.

Formula:
Base-down to break MINUS base-up to break / 2

(+) BD, (-) BU

40
Q

Compensating vergence for hyperphoria?

A

Infravergence.

Assessed with base-up prism.

41
Q

Oculogyric crisis

A

Oculogyric crisis refers to spasms of extraocular muscles leading to tonic eye deviation (usually upward), with each spasm lasting from seconds to several hours; the entire episode may last up to several weeks or months.

Binocular/Colour/Perceptual Vision (6 decks)

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