Random Questions Flashcards
Griffiths experiment
Indicated that transformation not only can cause virulence but many times allow organism to develop antibiotic resistance
Inducer
molecule that starts the gene expression/ use quorum sensing to produce and secret
Constitutive Enzyme
are synthesized constantly; the genes that encode these enzymes are always active. Constitutive enzymes usually play indispensable roles in the central meta- bolic pathways.
Genotype
complete heritable genetic identiy
Phenotype
description of your actual physical characteristics
Genome
organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes.
Pentose Sugar
surgar molecule containing 5 carbons
nitrogenous base
contains element nitrogen
Purine
nitrogen containing double ring compound, adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine
nitrogen containing single ring compoound, cytosine and thymine
How many nitrogenous pairs to make an amino acid
3, called triplet
Addition Mutation
caush a shift in the reading frame of codons can lead to alteration in protein translation.
Insertion
changes # of dna bases in gene by adding piece of dna, gene may not function properly
missense mutation
change in one dna base pair results in substitution of one amino acid for another protein.
nonsense mutation
change in one dna pair, but signals a stop. shortened sequence
Deleteion
deletes # of dna bases, alter function resulting proteins
framshift
addition/loss of dna bases changes reading fram.
Mutated Dna can be repaired by
Sos Repair, Light repair and Dark Repair
Sos Repair
Therefore, bacteria have a mechanism, termed SOS repair, that bypasses the damaged DNA and allows replica- tion to continue. The damaged DNA activates the expression of over 30 genes which encode the SOS system.
Light repair
enzyme uses the energy of visible light to break the covalent bond of the thymine dimer, restoring the DNA to its original state Because light is required for this mechanism, it is called photoreactivation, or light repair. This
Dark Repair
enzyme recognizes the major distortions in DNA that result from thymine dimer formation. In this process, excision repair, or dark repair, the enzyme makes single-stranded cuts that flank both sides of the damaged region, resulting in excision of the region
Auxotroph
A microorganism that requires an organic growth factor.
Prototroph
A microorganism that has no requirements for organic growth factors because it can synthesize them.
wild type
an organism having an appearance that is characteristic of the species in a natural breeding population.
Genetic Recombination
is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles.
How can genes be transfered between microorganisms
horizontal gene transfer= Transmission of DNA
from one bacterium to another through conjugation, DNA-mediated transformation, or transduction; also called lateral gene transfer.
Transduction vs conjugation vs transformation
Transform-bacterium dna from environment
Transduct-virus infects a bacteria dna entrapped in the viral capside
Conjugation-bacterium transfers dna directly to another bacterium
Competent
Physiological condition in which a bacterial cell is capable of taking up DNA.
Transduction in prokaryotes use this type of virus
bacteriophages
Sex Pilus
Thin protein appendage required for attachment of two bacteria prior to DNA transfer by conjugation. Also called F pilus.
Why is gene transfer important in hospital setting?
antibiotic resistance
transposable element
or transposon) Gene that moves from one DNA molecule to another within the same cell or from one site on a DNA molecule
Restriction enzymes
Type of enzyme that recognizes
and cleaves a specific sequence of DNA.
Gene Cloning
researchers can isolate genes from one organism, manipulate the purified DNA in vitro, and then transfer the genes into another organism, a process called gene cloning.
What is a vector
(1) In molecular biology, a piece of DNA that acts as a carrier of a cloned fragment of DNA.
Genetic Probe
single straned dna/rna hybridize to a target sequence, detection in nucleic acid sequence
Dna Hybridizalation
used to determine genetic distance between two species
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Method used to
create millions of copies of a given region of
DNA in only a matter of hours.
Vitro
using PCR to create copies of fragments
