Metabolism Ch 6 Flashcards
Anabolism vs Catabolism
Anabolism-biosynthetic process/assembly of subunits of a macromolecule *use ATP to drive reactions
Catabolism-process that degrades compounds to release energy *captures to make ATP
Enzymes
Catalysts that speed up reaction without heat (slows down activation energy)
ATP
composed of ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups (most common form of energy)
Exergonic
adds power to endogenic, reactants have more free energy (energy is released in reaction)
Endergonic
products have more free energy, (reaction requires input of energy)
3 Processes to generate ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation, Oxidative phosphorylation, and Photophosphorylation.
Substrate level phosphorylation
Exergonic reaction powers
Oxidative phosphorylation
proton motive force drives
Photophosphorylation
sunlight used to create proton motive force to drive
Role of Chemical source and Terminal Electron Acceptor (TEA)
More energy is released when difference in electronegativity is greater, Electron donor:energy source
Acceptor: Terminal electron acceptor (TEA)
3 Difference central metabolic pathways (CATABOLISM)
Glycolysis, Pentose phosphate pathway, Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Glycolysis (catabolism)
splits glucose (6c) to 2 pyruvates (3c), generates modests atp, reducing power, precursors
Pentose phosphate pathway (Catabolism)
primary role is production precursor metabolites, NADPH
Tricarboxylic acid cycle (CATABOLISM
oxidizes pyruvates from glycolysis, generates reducing power, precursor metabolites, ATP
Respiration vs Fermentation
Resp-transfers electrons from glucose to electron transport chain (ETC), ETC makes proton motive force,
Ferm- uses pyruvates or derivative as terminal electron acceptor (TEA) to regenerate NAD+, if cells cannot respire, will run out of carriers available to accept electrons and glycolysis will stop
Two types of Respiration Catabolism
Aerobic-02 is TEA
Anaerobic-anything other than O2 is TEA, also uses modified versions of TCA
Aerobic ATP Generated
Substrate level phos-
2 in glycolysis (net), 2 in TCA cycle=4
Oxidative Phos- 34
total-38
TEA-02
Uses ETC-Yes
Fermentation ATP Generated
Substrate Phos-2 in glycolysis=ONLY 2
Oxidative Phos-0
TOTAL=2
Uses ETC-No
TEA-organic molecules, pyruvate or derivative
Anaerobic
Uses ETC-YES
TEA-Anything other than 02, (So
Coenzymes(cofactors)
assist different enzymes, include magnesium, zinc, copper, help bind to substrates
*Are organic cofactors, include electron carriers FAD,NAD+,NADP+
Allosteric Regulation
enzyme activity is controlled by binding to allosteric site, which distorts enzyme shape, prevents the binding of substrates, regulatory is end products
Enzyme Inhibition
Site to which inhibitor binds determines type,
1.Competitive Inhibitor
Non-competitive inhibitor
Competitive Inhibitor
binds to active site of enzyme, chemical structure is similar to substrate which blocks the substrate resulting in halt of production
Non-Competitive Inhibitor
binds to different site, allosteric inhibitors are example, action is reversible, but some are not
Enzymes changes shape, becomes nonfunctional
