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random order abnormal psych Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during a purging episode?

A

Part of the CBT model of Bulimia - Disordered chaotic thinking

  • Dieting - eating less
  • Leads to hunger
  • They are unable to not eat anymore, so they think they ‘lapse’ then start eating again
  • They start eating, which leads to AVE
    • (Abstinence violation effect - ‘once I eat one I might as well eat the whole packet’).
  • Binge - eat a lot
  • Increases distress about eating too much -
  • Which then motivates people to do compensate behaviour (purge) which could be vomiting, laxatives, exercise - makes them feel betting
  • Leads to reduced distress and reinforces the purging behaviour
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2
Q

What is a Cluster C Personality?

A

anxious and fearful traits

  • Avoidant Personality Disorder
  • Dependant Personality Disorder
  • Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
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3
Q

What is the Cognitive Model for developing Bulimia Nervosa?

A

How someone developes Bulimia Nervosa,

  • Negative self-evaluation
  • Extreme concerns about body weight and shape
    • Perfectionism and dichotomous thinking
  • leads to dieting
    • Perfectionism and dichotomous thinking
  • Leads to binge eating
    • negative affect
  • Lead to purging (compensatory behaviors) vomiting/laxative use

treatment address these components the opposite way (up)

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4
Q

What are Dissociative Disorders?

A

What are Dissociative Disorders

  • For all disorders the disturbance causes significant distress or impairment of functioning and is not better explained by another medical or mental disorder

includes

  • Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder
  • Dissociative amnesia—may also occur with dissociative fugue
  • Dissociative identity disorder.
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5
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria of Bulimia Nervosa?

A

Diagnostic criteria of Bulimia Nervosa

  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating
    • Eating at one sitting an abnormally large amount of food
    • Perception of lack of control over eating
  • Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviour (after binge eating)
    • Excessive exercise
    • Self induced vomiting
  • Occurring at least twice per week over three months period
  • Self-evaluation (self-identify) is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
  • Exclusion criteria: cant occur exclusively in context of another eating disorder (Anorexia Nervosa).
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6
Q

What is purging?

A

A compensatory behavior after binging - accosiated with Bulimia Nervosa

  • Vomiting
  • Laxatives
  • Excessive exercise
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7
Q

What is the diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

  • Refusal to maintain weight of at least 85% of expected weight*
  • Intense fear of gaining weight, though the person is underweight.
    • Disturbance in body image perception
  • Often perfectionistic - thus their body wieght is the only thing they can control

A criteria of a BMI < 17.5 is often also used as part of a cutoff for Anorexia.

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8
Q

What is The gamblers fallacy?

A

The gamblers fallacy

  • The belief that because one has lost repeatedly, ones increasingly likely to win the next time

reasons that explain gambling disorder

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9
Q

What is Dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

A

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

  • involves the presence of two or more distinct identity or personality states that recurrently take control of the person’s behaviour
  • Individuals with DID also experience all other dissociative phenomena, plus posttraumatic stress symptoms and auditory hallucinations
    • Can occur due to PTSD
    • Controversial diagnosis, because most people behave differently in different circumstances
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10
Q

What is Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

A

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Discomfort with close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distoritions and eccentricities of behaviour

  • e.g., belief that they are clairvoyant
  • Don’t feel close with other people. odd ideas about the world, they are on a special mission
  • Not odd enough to be delusions or hallucinations
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11
Q

What are some possible indications of a Personality Disorder?

A

Possible Indications of a Personality Disorder

  1. Does the presenting problem include aspects that are not typical of the presentation of other disorders?
  2. Are there previous multiple inconsistent psychiatric or psychological diagnoses?
  • Have them been diagnosed with different things
  • Indicative of an unstable personality
  1. Is the person chaotic or excessively emotionally responsive?
  2. Does the person have problems in relationships with others?
  • Makes it different from normal problems we experience, because the person has problems with nearly everyone
  • Everyone else has a problem not them
  • Functional inflexibility - not changing when something is not working
  1. Does the person not respond to effective treatments for presenting problems?
    * Things that should work don’t work
  2. How does the therapist react to being with the person?
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12
Q

What is Borderline Personality Disorder?

A

Borderline Personality Disorder

  • a patturn of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image and affect, and marked impulsivity
  • Move rapidly from thinking someone is wonderful to hating them (can apply to therapists)
  • Differs from bi-polar because its not positive mood and negative mood, its attitudes toward someone
  • Explained by driving a car with two accelerators and no breaks
    • They can quickly become very angry or distressed (or love), but they can find it very difficult to moderate it
    • Frequent disorder, can be dangerous because linked to substance abuse, suicide, self harm
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13
Q

What is Depersonalisation disorder?

A

involves a persistent feeling of being detached from one’s self

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14
Q

What is Selective recall?

A

Selective recall

  • Remember successes, forget failures (bias memory)

reasons that explain gambling disorder

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15
Q

What is Conversion Disorder?

A

What is Conversion Disorder?

  • Similar to a sematic disorder but with a neurological possible explanation
    • Disturbance in motor or sensory functioning (e.g. moving), with no neurological explanation (no obvious reason why they have these symptoms)
    • Not consistent with any recognised medical condition
  • Causes significant distress and/or impairment

Epidemics of conversion disorder, ‘mass hysteria’, occur periodically

Example, during the golf war, people thought they were exposed to chemical weapons - they developed the symptoms of radiation even though not being exposed

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16
Q

What is the Aetiology of Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder?

A

Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder

  • Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder has been associated with childhood abuse
  • The person dissociates themselves from what is happening as a way of coping, they are not able to run away or fight back, so they dissociate as a way of coping
  • Common precipitants are extreme stress, depression, anxiety and substance abuse
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17
Q

What is the aetiology of Gambling Disorder?

A

The aetiology of Gambling Disorder

  • Serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline are implicated in inhibitory control, reward mechanisms and arousal in impulsive and addictive disorders
  • Certain personality factors such as impulsivity are associated with problem gambling
  • Both classical and operant conditioning are important in the aetiology and maintenance of problem gambling
    • Pokies use intermittent reinforcement, which is the same reinforcement that is used on rats to condition behavior.

Sites such as Facebook use the same reinforcements to be addicted to the site

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18
Q

What is Factitious Disorder?

A

Factitious disorder, imposed on the self:

  • Fabrication of psychological or medical symptoms
  • May involve induction of injury or disease in oneself or others and presenting of oneself or others as illHow does this differ from getting a day off work or compensation, etc.:
    • This behavior does not appear to have any obvious external reward
      • The reward is not always obvious, the attention could drive them to do this
        • Has been known as ‘Munchausen’s syndrome’
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19
Q

What is Outcome expectancy theory?

A
  • Outcome expectancy theory is a cognitive theory of addiction which states that an individual’s expectation of positive consequences from substance use increases propensity to use
    • You expect you are going to have a good experience, which is a motivation to use the drug

Cognitive Theories for addiction

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20
Q

What is Cognitive regret/anticipated regret?

A

Cognitive regret/anticipated regret

  • Ive lost so much money, that if I don’t keep playing to win it back I’m going to feel bad

reasons that explain gambling disorder

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21
Q

What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?

A

A patturn of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives are interpreted as malvolent.

  • Must think about the environment/context, are people actually out to get them (gangs)
  • Not as bizarre of delusional as psychotic disorder
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22
Q

What is the Diagnosis of substance use disorder?

A

Diagnosis of substance use disorder

  • an individual must show at least 2 symptoms within a 12-month period which have resulted in clinically significant distress or impairment.
    • Used for alcohol, drugs, gambling, internet use (porn)

Including…

  • Larger amounts of the substance are consumed
  • Unsuccessful attempts at reducing substance use
  • A large amount of time is spent obtaining, using and recovering from the substance
  • Strong desires or cravings to use the substance
  • The individual fails to fulfil role because of substance use (work)
  • Continued use even though it causes interpersonal difficulties
  • Interferes with social and occupational activities
  • Occurs in situations that are hazardous (e.g., drunk driving)
  • Continued use even though the person knows it is causing problems
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23
Q

What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?

A

Illness Anxiety Disorder

  • Preoccupation with having or getting a serious illness
    • Differs from convertion disorder and somatic disorder - the person is not feeling the pain, they are worried its going to occur
      • E.g. Worry they will get radiation in the future
  • Somatic symptoms not prominent
  • High levels of health anxiety and excessive health-related behaviours
  • Someone might have a predisposition to an illness, however this disorder occurs when the anxiety is disproportionate and the preoccupation is excessive
    • E.g. if you had cancer then developed a back pain, you WOULD NOT have Illness Anxiety Disorder because the severity of the condition (cancer) would mean the anxiety is rational
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24
Q

What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?

A

Histrionic Personality Disorder

  • A pattern of attention seeking, their behaviour is superficial.
  • Attention seeking. They might be superficial and have no in-depth thoughts or beliefs, because all they are aiming towards is getting attention

Leads to extreme forms of behaviour to get that attention

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25
Q

What is Relapse prevention theory?

A

Relapse prevention theory

  • a cognitive-behavioural theory of substance use that argues individuals in high-risk situations will use substances if:
    • They do not have appropriate coping strategies
    • They have positive expectations relating to the effects of the substance
    • They have a low degree of self-efficacy

This is a CBT based approach where you are trying to prevent people from relapse. How to treat:

  • First component, identify high risk situations
    • avoiding high risk situations
  • Effective coping strategies that don’t involve the substance
    • Remind the client about the long-term effects substance abuse causes (on relationships ect.) and that the substance is a quick fix solution - elicit negative expectations relating to the effects of the substance
  • Increase their self efficacy
    • Give them the skills and belief that they can not use the substance
26
Q

What is Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder?

A

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder - Cluster C (anxious and fearful traits)

  • A patturn of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control
  • Like abiding by rules
  • Differs from OCD as people with this disorder do not have fear if they do not follow through with procedures (compulsions)
27
Q

What is the CBT Model of Bulimia Nervosa?

A

CBT Model of BN

  • Vulnerability factors of developing bulimia
  • Set of rigid belifs
    • about what they eat
    • Ideas that body shape is a defining characteristics of their identity
  • Disordered chaotic thinking
    • What happens during a purging episode
28
Q

What is the Aetiology of Dissociative amnesia?

A

Dissociative amnesia

  • Biological explanations focus on the effects of stress on different brain systems
  • Psychological explanations focus on motivations for forgetting
  • When we think about painful memories we can stop ourselves from thinking about it
29
Q

What is the Definition of Personality?

A

A persistent pattern of thinking and feeling and behaving that is pervasive across situations and enduring over time

30
Q

According to CBT, what are the Maintaining factors of Anorexia Nervosia?

A

Maintaining factors of Anorexia Nervosia?

(control is apart of the onset and maintenance of the disorder)

  • Dietary restriction enhances the sense of being in control
    • Success at dietary restriction is a potent reinforcer (Amount eaten, types of foods, times of eating)
    • Control over eating as expression of control and worth
  • Aspects of starvation encourage further dietary restriction
    • Hunger perceived as threat to control over eating
    • Impaired concentration (cognitive function) may heighten sense of chaos/uncontrollability
  • Extreme concerns about shape and weight encourage dietary restriction
    • Especially prominent in Western society
31
Q

What are predicting outcomes of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Predictors of Outcome - Things that influence the treatment

  • Predictors of Good Outcome (better outcomes)
    • Short duration of symptoms
    • Good parent-child relationship
    • Histrionic Personality features
  • Predictors of Poor Outcome (poor outcomes)
    • Vomiting
    • Bulimia
    • Purgatory behaviour
    • Premorbid developmental abnormalities
    • Eating disorders in childhood
    • Chronicity
    • Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
      • See things in black and white ways
32
Q

What is Derealisation disorder?

A

Derealisation disorder

  • involves experiencing one’s surroundings as being unreal
    • Surroundings feel like a dream
33
Q

How do you hypnotise someone?

A

Induction procedure - make them more relaxed, less tense

34
Q

What is the number 1 risk factor for BN?

A
  • Dieting behaviour is a risk factor for BN.*
  • In 15 year-old schoolgirls, those who diet were 8 times more likely to develop an eating disorder within a one-year period than those who did not restrict food intake.
  • When your hungry you are more likely to engage in binge eating
35
Q

What is Illusionary correlations?

A

Illusionary correlations

  • The misinterpretation that something else occurred when you won in the past, therefore if that thing occurs again it indicates you are going to win again

reasons that explain gambling disorder

36
Q

What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?

A

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

  • a patturn of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
  • Arrogant, other people exist only as witnesses to their greatness.
    • Think they are wonderful, special, they are the only person in the world

Comorbid with depression - they think they are wonderful but others don’t

37
Q

Acording to Millon (1982), what is the definition of a Personality Disorder?

A

Millon (1981) identified three core features that differentiate disordered personality from normal-range problematic behaviours:

  1. Functional inflexibility
  • If the person has a way of behaving, they don’t adapt to changes (their personality is fixed in all situations
  • people with personality disorders have 1 personality that they use in every situation
  1. Self-defeating behaviour patterns
  • Will adopt behaviours against their own interests (e.g. aggression, anger),
    • doesn’t help them, makes things worse, but they keep doing it again and again
  1. Tenuous stability under stress and marked instability in mood, thinking and behaviour during difficult life events
  • When things are going well, they can respond effectively and efficiently - feel ok
  • When thing are going wrong, they find it more difficult to cope, instability in mood. Thus they revert to the personality disorder to respond.
  • They don’t cope well with stress
38
Q

What is ‘Sense of Control’ (Slade, 1982) in reference to Anorexia Nervosa?

A

Sense of Control (Slade, 1982)

  • People with Anorexia Nervosa have a need for control over their lives and body shape
    • Thus the ability to control weight is over emphasised with this disorder
    • Stressed need for control as central feature of AN
    • Success in dieting reinforces sense of control
39
Q

What is the Iatrogenesis of Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

Iatrogenesis of Dissociative Identity Disorder

  • Iatrogenesis is the creation of an illness through the intervention of medical / health professionals
  • If someone believes that something has happened to them and they cant remember what happened, this may encourage them to look for particular things in their past and confuse their imagination with what happened
40
Q

What is Dependant Personality Disorder?

A

Dependant Personality Disorder - Cluster C (anxious and fearful traits)

  • strong need to be taken care of and anxiety about being alone.
    • Vulnerable to being abused as they will stay in relationship with fear of being alone
41
Q

What is a Cluster B Personality?

A

ramatic, emotional, erratic traits

  • Anti Social Personality Disorder
  • Borderline Personality Disorder
  • Histrionic Personality Disorder
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder
42
Q

What is Schizoid Personality Disorder?

A

A patturn of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression

  • Will not seek treatment because they don’t feel they have a problem
43
Q

What is the Illusion of control?

A

Illusion of control

  • One has more skill and ability to influence/predict what’s going to happen (pokies or blackjack)

reasons that explain gambling disorder

44
Q

What is Factitious disorder, imposed on another?

A

Factitious disorder, imposed on another

  • An individual induces illness in another
    • A mother who makes a child ill, then gets the attention from others for making her child better
    • Or to gain pension money/compensation (more financial)

Has been known as ‘Munchausen’s by proxy’

45
Q

What is Anti Social Personality Disorder?

A

Anti Social Personality Disorder

A patturn of disrgard for, and violation of, the rights of others

  • Offending behaviour, lack of guilt/remorse, impulsiveness.
  • Not all offenders have this.
  • Impulsive - often in situations when you are likely to get caught (no rational reason to do things), not well thought through
  • Often don’t see they have a problem, they believe its with everyone else
    • See the world as predator or prey
  • Difficult to treat
    • Comorbid with depression and substance use (impulsiveness)
46
Q

What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A

Avoidant Personality Disorder – Cluster C (anxious and fearful traits)

  • fear of negative evaluation means they feel inferior and avoid contact.
    • Social inhibition, feelings of inadequcy
  • Overlaps with social anxiety disorder,
    • Commonality: fear of negative evaluation which makes them avoid people
    • Difference: feeling of inferiority rather than social judgment
47
Q

What is the DSM-5 Diagnosis of Personality Disorder?

A

The Diagnosis of Personality Disorder

  • DSM-5 defines personality disorders as enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts
  • These patterns must differ from the individual’s cultural group and cause significant personal distress and impairment in functioning
48
Q

What is the Cognitive Behavioral Model of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders?

A

Cognitive Behavioral Model of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

For the example of back pain

  • Perception of symptoms
    • You have a hurt back

Attribution regarding symptoms

  • Without the disorder: I must be getting old
  • With the disorder: I have a chronic disease, increases concern

Concern/anxiety about illness

  • If you are concercerned/anxious about the symptom, it will amplify the pain you are feeling

Illness behavior

  • Seeing a doctor
  • Stopping exercising
49
Q

What is Dissociative amnesia?

A

Dissociative amnesia

  • involves loss of memory for significant personal information. May occur with a fugue state which involves travel away from home or work, with inability to recall the past
    • Cant remember unpleasant things
    • Very difficult to prove the cause of it

spontaneously remit

50
Q

What is the Abstinence violation effect?

A

Abstinence violation effect

  • once I eat one I might as well eat the whole packet

relates to bulimia

51
Q

What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

A

Somatic Symptom Disorder

  • The experience of one or more debilitating somatic symptoms
  • Symptoms are accompanied by abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviours
  • Often anxiety accosted - excessive amount of time worrying and using healthcare resources

There is something that seems to be a physical (somatic) symptom (e.g. hurt stomach, hand, back), and there is a great deal of anxiety around that

These abnormal reactions include disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of symptoms; persistently high anxiety about one’s health or symptoms; and spending excessive time and energy over health concerns (e.g., excessive healthcare utilisation)

52
Q

What is the treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders?

A

​Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders?

Perception of symptoms

  • Looking at how to manage pain
  • We feel pain more if we are anxious and anticipating it

Attribution, disease-conviction

  • Cognitive therapy
  • Challenging/disputing whether the perceived disorder is real
  • They might have anxiety or depression which could cause the symptoms

Concern, Illness-worry, preoccupation

Illness behavior

  • A person with this disorder cannot find a doctor which reinforces their dysfunctional beliefs
  • You want to have doctors that give consistent information

Social and occupational functioning

  • Do things that remind them of every day
  • Do not prolong things
53
Q

What is Superstitious beliefs?

A

Superstitious beliefs

  • Inherently lucky

reasons that explain gambling disorder

54
Q

What is a Cluster A Personality?

A

odd or eccentric traits and behaviours

  • Paranoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizoid Personality Disorder
  • Schizotypal Personality Disorder
55
Q

What is the CBT Theory for the onset of Anorexia Nervosa?

A

CBT Theory for the onset of Anorexia Nervosa?

(control is apart of the onset and maintenance of the disorder)

Need for self-control in context of low-self esteem, perfectionism, and sense of ineffectiveness

  • Control over eating is focused on as an experience of success/control
  • Control over eating makes them believe they can control one aspect of their lives
  • Control over body shape/weight especially salient to ascetics (their appearance)
  • Influences the behaviour of others around them,
    • eg someone who doesn’t eat at the dinner table, this elicits a response from a parent, which can lead to control of their family

Western society values dieting to control shape and weight.

56
Q

What is the diagnosis of gambling disorder?

A

The diagnosis of gambling disorder

  • DSM-5 gambling disorder is defined as persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour leading to impairment and distress

Criteria include

  • a need to gamble with increasing amounts of money (tolerance)
  • repeated unsuccessful attempts to control gambling
  • preoccupation with gambling
  • irritability when trying to cut back on gambling
  • Similar to substance use disorders (which is why its an addictive disorder)
57
Q

What is the Bulimia Severity Spectrum?

A

The Bulimia Severity Spectrum - Ranges from…

  • Binge eating disorder
    • Less serve
    • Engage in binging episodes without any compensatory behavior
  • Bulimia Nervosa without purging behavior
    • A bit more severe
    • A person who is having binging episodes and not purging (vomiting/laxities) (could be doing excessive exercise)
  • Bulimia Nervosa with purging behavior
    • Most server
    • Full version of the condition
    • A person experiences binging episodes and compensatory behavior includes purging (vomiting/laxatives)
58
Q

What is Bias evaluation?

A

Bias evaluation

  • Successful effects are attributed to ones own influence, and negative effects are attributed to unforeseen circumstances that are unlikely to repeat

reasons that explain gambling disorder

59
Q
A
60
Q

What are the similarities of Bulimia Nervosa and OCD?

A

Similarities of BN and OCD

  • Loss of control
  • Compelled to do something (purge)
  • They are district separate conditions

Abnormal Psych (3 decks)

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