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1
Q

What is the vector of JEV?

A

Culex tritaeniorhynchus is the vector

Pigs and wild birds serve as a reservoir for the virus

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2
Q

When testing the intrathecal antibodies for patient with JEV , What are the other possible positive IgG results?

A

Other related flavivirus includes:
1-Dengue
2- yellow fever
3- West Nile viruses
4- TBE

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3
Q

What are the diseases that can be transmitted by Culex?

A

1-Arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis

2- Filariasis

3- Avian malaria.

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What is the Brill-Zinsser disease ?

A
  • Exacerbation of epidemic typhus
  • Usually occurs several years following the initial infection in a milder form
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5
Q

What are the organisms that can cause Madura foot?

A

1- bacterial:
Actinomycetes spp
Streptomyces spp
Nocardia spp

2- Fungal:
Madurella spp
Fusarium spp
Aspergillus spp

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6
Q

What is the vector of Zika

A

Aedes Mosquitos
(possibly Culex )

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7
Q

T/F:

Congenital Zika syndrome can occurs with any Zika lineage ?

A

F

Only can be caused by Asian Lineage

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8
Q

What is the vector and the reservoir for West Nile virus ?

A

Vector : Culex

Reservoir: Birds
(Bird -Mosquito-bird cycle)
Human is dead-end

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9
Q

What are the main symptoms of West Nile virus?

A

A) WNV fever: Fever +rash
RF:
1- High viral load
2- Female gender

B) WNV Neuroinvasive disease in 1/150 case :
1- Coarse tremor (only upper limps and it is postural tremors)
2- parkinsonian features
RF:
1- Male gender
2- Advanced age
3- Comorbidities

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10
Q

What is the arbovirus that can be transmitted by anopheles Mosquitoes?

A

Onyong nyong

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11
Q

Mode of transmission of Rift valley fever ?

A

1- By direct contact with tissues of infected livestock

2- By Mosquito bite:
- Culex tritaeniorhynchus
2- Aedes vexans

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12
Q

Mode of transmission of CCHF?

A

1- By close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected persons or animals

2- Tick bite :
Argas reflexus and Hyalomma spp

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13
Q

what is the cause of Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) - creepy eruption ?

A

dogs hookworms :
1- Ancylostoma caninum
2-Ancylostoma braziliense

Cats hookworm:
1-Ancylostoma braziliense

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14
Q

what disease that can be transmitted by Aedes albopictus??

A

1- West Nile encephalitis
2- Chikungunya

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15
Q

what disease that can be transmitted by Aedes Aegypti?

A

Yellow Fever
Dengue
West Nile
Chikungunya

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16
Q

which Mosquito can transmit both Yellow Fever and
Mayaro virus?

A

Haemagogus
spp

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17
Q

What is the vector of Colorado tick
fever?

A

Dermacentor
andersoni

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18
Q

What are the 3 sutypes of TBE?

A
  1. Russian
    Spring-Summer
    encephalitis
    (RSSE) ( sever form with gradual onset)
  2. Siberian
    subtype (chronic and progressive )
  3. Central
    European
    encephalitis
    (CEE) (Biphasic illness)
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19
Q

What is the plasmodium spp that commonly ass with nephrotic syndrome ?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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20
Q

Which plasmodium spp that can result in relapse ( not recrudescence) after primary infection ?

A

plasmodium Vivax and Ovale

From 30 days up to 5 years after 1ry infection due to the latent liver hypnozoite that can undergoes Schizogony and re-enter blood stream

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21
Q

Key features of Plasmodium Malariae?

A

1- Can cause nephrotic syndrome in Children (quartan malaria nephrotic syndrome )

2- Can remain in the blood for years (but no latent hypnozoites) very low levels (chronic)

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22
Q

What is Malaria recrudescence ?
and which plasmodium can cause it

A

recurrence of infection due to survival of the plasmodium in RBC (low level parasitaemia) not due to hypnozoites schizont

Caused by :
p falciparum
p knowlesi
p malariae

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23
Q

What is the cause of Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ?

A

L brasilienses

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24
What are the cutaneous manifestation of coccidioidomycosis ?
1- early disease : fine papular rash , Erythema nodosum and erythema multiform 2- late: Ulceration and abscess with predilection to nasolabial fold
25
What is the IP , method of transmission , and diagnostic method of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)?
1- IP: 7 to 21 days 2- By inhalation 3 Diagnosis: -Histopathology and microscopy using methenamine silver stain - Culture - Antigen detection - PCR - Serology
26
What is the pathognomic histology feature of coccidiomycosis ?
Spherules in the lung pathology: Arthroconidia with thin walls
27
Diagnostic method of Paracoccidioidomycosis ?
1- Microscopy : large fungal cell with spikes (93% sensitive ) from sputum or pus 2- Histology also sensitive
28
What is the transmission method of Sporothrix schenckii??
Direct inoculation by : 1- scratches of cats and armadillos 2- horny plants
29
what is the causative agent of sporotrichosis (rose handler disease )?
sporothrix scheckii
30
What are the clinical syndromes caused by sporothrix scheckii ?
1- lymphocutaneous ( can also result in contagious bone involvement) 2- Fixed cutaneous 3- pulmonary (inhalation) 4- disseminated ( for pt with reduced CMI including diabetes
31
What is the Cause of Fish tank granuloma?
Mycobacterium Marinum
32
What is the cause of Buruli ulcer? and whats is the difference to M Marinum
Mycobacterium Ulcerance . Genetically Identical to Mycobacterium Marinum but the only difference is the production of Mycolactone which causes tissue destruction
33
what are the diff in parasite human cell relationship in leishmania and HAT ?
Kalazar (leishmanai) : obligate intracelluler American trypanosomaiasis: can be intracellular (amastigote) or extracellular trypomastigote African HAT : always extracellular (Blood stream trypomastigote)
34
What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma parasite ?
1-Metacyclic Trypomastigote 2- Then Blood stream Trypomastigote 3-Then in fly transform to Procyclic trypomastigote 4-Then Epimastigote 5- Finally Metacyclic Trypomastigote again
35
What is the infective stage of Leishmania parasite?
1- promastigote (infective stage ) 2-In human transform to amastigote 3- transform back to Promastigote in the fly gut
36
What is the predominant parasitic form of Leishmania , African and American HAT in Human ?
Leishmania : Amastigote American HAT: amastigote African HAT : Bloodstream Trypomastigote
37
What are the infective stages of both Leishmania and Trypanosoma?
for Leishmania: Promastigote (predominant stage in phlebotomine fly) for Trypanosomiasis: Metacyclic trypomastigote
38
In leishmania and Trypanosoma : What is the predominant stage in Mosquitoes
Leishmania : Promastigotes (also the only stage found in Mosquitoes) Trypanosoma : Epimastigote (but the infective stage is the Metacyclic trypomastigotes)
39
There are only tow forms of Leishmania parasite ?#, what are they?
Promastigotes in Mosquitoes amastigotes in mammalian
40
Leishmania strains causing KALAZAR?
Old world: L Donovani donovani L Donovani infantum New world: L donovani Chagasi
41
Leishmania strain causing Old world Cutaneous leishmania ?
1- L Major 2- L Tropica: ( leishmania Recidevence LR, Vescerocutaneous leishmaniasis ) 3- L aethiopica (DCL)
42
Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis ?
1- Caused by L braziliensis , Amazonensis , panam , Gyanensis 2- multiple ulcerative lesions 3- very few parasites seen on biopsy (immunologically mediated disease) 4-Positive serology 5- May involve mucosa
43
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis ?
1- Caused by: L aethiopica , Mexicana , Brasiliense. 2- Dose Not ulcerate 3- Multiple soft tissue nodules (full of Amastigote) 4- No mucosal lesion
44
Cause of Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis ?
Leishmania Brasiliense
45
T/F: Diffuse cutaneous leismaniansis can ulcerate and can affect mucosa?
Never ulcerate Never affect mucosa
46
T/F Opisthorchis sinensis(chines liver flukes) is ass with cholangiocarcinoma ?
T
47
T/F Opisthorchis sinensis length is 2.5cm ? and can transmit by eating row fishes ?
T T
48
What is the adult Fasciolopsis buski size (Giant Chinese intestinal flukes) ?
7.2 CM
49
Diagnostic tests for Strongyloidiasis?
1- Stool for larvae ( not eggs) 2- Stool culture on Charcoal 3- Serology
50
What is the histological picture of Talaromyces Marnefei?
Round or oval extracellular or intramacrophage yeast like cells with a midline clear septum at the dividing yeast
51
Causes of umbilicated nodular rash?
1- Molluscum contagiosum 2- Cryptococcal neoformans 3- Talaromycosis
52
What is the vector of 1- 1- Brugia spp ? 2- Onchocerca volvolus ? What is the spp causing intestinal schistosomiasis ? #What is the 5th lymphatic filariasis that has unsheathed larvae ?
1- The vector of Brugia is Mansonia Mosquitoes 2- Vector of Onchocerciasis is Simulium black fly Intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. Mansonella perstans and Mansonella Ozardi
53
what is the size of Cyclospora cayetanensis cysts ?
7.5-10 µm spherical can be sporulated or non-sporulated
54
What is the size and shape of Isospora belli (Cystoisospora belli )??
large (25 to 30 µm) and have a typical ellipsoidal shape #when immature and contain one sporoblast # if mature , sporoblast divides in two sporoblasts
55
What is the eggs size of Cryptosporidium spp?
oocysts are rounded and measure 4.2 to 5.4 µm in diameter
56
Eggs of enterobius vermicularis ?
30 x 60 elongated and asymetrical transparent slightly flattened in one side Folded larvae inside can give the shape of midline slit
57
What is the cause of abdominal angiostrongyliasis?
Angiostrongylus costaricensis
58
What is the cause of neuro angiostrongyliasis?
angiostrongylus cantonensis
59
T/F Angiostrongylus spp can reach maturity in human ?
F Only mature in small pulmonary capillaries of the rodents
60
What is the mode of human infection in Angiostrongyliasis ?
By ingestion of L3 Larvae in contaminated vegetable and fruits
61
What is the definitive and intermediate host for Angiostrongylus cantonensis ?
#Rats are definitive hosts #snail and slug are the intermediate hosts
62
What is malarone and how it can be used?
Atovaquone -Proguanil 1 tablets po OD 2 days before travel until 1 week after return
63
What is Larium and how it can be used ?
Mefloquine 250 mg tablets po once weekly 3 weeks before travel until 4 weeks after return
64
T/F Mefloquine (Larium ) can be given for pt with depression?
F C/I in depression
65
What is the difference b/w rhabditiform and filariform larvae in strongyloidiasis ?
1- The first-stage rhabditiform larvae (L1) are 180—380 µm 2- third-stage filariform larvae (L3) are up to 600 µm long.
66
T/F: Sandflies can cause very painful bite ? usually at dusk or dawn ?
T
67
what are the identification features of Mosca flies?
1- Gray black in colour 2- 4 longitudinal stripes in thoracic part 3- No biting mouth part 4- 4th vein pend toward 3rd vein almost touch it
68
What are the identification features of Stomoxys calcitrans (Stable fly)?
1- forward pointing proboscis 2- the 4th vein pend upward but not touching the 3rd vein 3- Has very painful bites
69
What are the 3 common human Myiasis ?
1- Botfly -(Dermatobia hominis ) 2- Tumbu larvae (Condylobia anthropopaganda ) 3- Screw fly (Cochylomyia and chrysomya )
70
What are the Symptoms caused by the two main venom groups?
1- Neurotoxin : - Shock - Blurred vision - respiratory failure 2- Haemotoxic: – Tissue swelling , pain and necrosis - Bleeding , DIC - haemolysis
71
What are the features of Elipdae and what are the main members of this group?
@ short fangs (which are fixed and do not fold back) @ No distinct division between the head and the neck - Cobras - Coral snakes – Mambas – Kraits – Tiger snakes
72
t/f: Bungarotoxin is a neurotoxin and it is common feature of Eapidae snakes ?
T
73
What are the true sea snake group called ?
Hydrophiinae
74
What are the general features of Hydrophiinae?
1- Short fangs, small head 2- flattened body with a short flattened tail, 3- valvular nostrils on top of head. 4- long thin bodies elongated lungs that extend the entire length of the body
75
What are the 3 toxins that can be produced by hydrophiinae?
1– myotoxin and rhabdomyolysis 2– neurotoxin 3– haemotoxin
76
What is the commonest cause of death following hydrophiinae bite ?
Cardiac arrest due to hypercalaemia ( rhabdomyolysis , AKI , haemolysis )
77
What is the Laticaudinae ?
It is the sea krait
78
What is the difference b/w hydrophiinae and laticaudinae?
- Laticaudinae is not true sea snake - Laticaudinae has slender body but flattened tail - Laticaudinae has lateral nostrils
79
What are the common features of Viperidae snakes ?
1- Narrow neck 2- long retractile fangs
80
What are the commonest Viperidae ?
– Vipers / adders – Rattlesnakes – Mocassins – Asps - Viper berus in UK
81
What is the effect of vipers?
massive local swelling and necrosis with blisters and specific odour
82
What is the special effect of Attractaspididae (burrowing asps ) ?
can erect a single fang on one side of the head without opening the mouth can kill human within 45min
83
what is treatment of ascaris lumbricoides ?
Mebendazole
84
The only filaria that is not infected by Wolbachia ?
Loa loa
85
What is the significance of presence of Morula cell of Mot in CSF ?
Human African Trypanosomiasis
86
T/F : No HAT cases in Zimbabwi ?
T Only in Zambia
87
what is skin snip test and skin slit smear test?
1- skin snip test is used to diagnose onchocerciasis 2- Slit Skin Smear: For diagnosing leprosy and cutaneous leishmaniasis
88
how to diffrentiate b/w larva currens and cutaneous larva migrans?
Larva currens: move faster( 2 cm per hour) CLM: 1-2 CM per day
89
CLM treatment?
single dose of ivermectin or albendazole
90
which spp of leishmania can cause large epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis ?
leishmania Tropica because it is has Anthroponotic ( no animal reservoir)
91
T/F: muco-cutaneous Leishmaniasis is caused entirely by Brasilienses group ?
T
92
what are the typical FBC picture in dengue fever?
low PLT and WBC High HB
93
what are the typical rash in dengue?
1- Morbilliform rash 2- petechial rash in ankles 3- blanching erythema (like sunburn)
94
what is the length of Cimex bed bugs ?
3-10mm brown segmented abdomen
95
what is the treatment of neurocysticercosis? ocular cysticercosis?
albendazole plus praziquantel prednisolone surgery if ocular
96
CMV retinitis treatment of choice ?
Valgancyclovir 900 gm po BD for 21 days then maintenance 450 mg
97
Mode of infection of Capillaria philippinensis ?
by eating undercooked fish
98
What is the size and features of Capillaria philippinensis ?
1- looks simillar to Trichuris trichura eggs 2- 45-25 mic 3- two flat polar prominences 4- striated shell
99
Tx of trichinella spiralis?
Albendazole or mebendazole
100
The vector of ATBF ?
Amblyoma tick
101
what are the DEBONEL /TIBOLA features?
1- caused by : Rickettsia Slovaca 2- vector: tick Dermacentor 3- common feature : Eschar +regional lymphadenopathy 4- common in Europe and Asia
102
T/F: All arboviruses are ssRNA viruses except colorado tick virus which is dsRNA?
T
103
Yellow fever is triad of ?
fever (Viral sepsis) jaundice AKI
104
What are the 3 lineage of chikungunya?
west African East African Asian
105
How many serotypes and lineage of YF? DHF?
1- YF: One serotype 2- DHF: 4 serotypes
106
Infection with Zika can give lifelong immunity?
T Because one serotype
107
how many Zika serotypes?
= one serotype = 2 lineage ( African and Asian) = 3 genotypes: - W African - E African - Asian (congenital zika)
108
What is the special feature of Iodamoeba butschlii cyst?
5-20 mic size has Glycogen vacules

Parasitology (5 decks)

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