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Parasitology > parasites and vectors > Flashcards

parasites and vectors Flashcards

1
Q

Human African trypanosomiasis- in West Africa ?

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT)
  • Exclusively human reservoir
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2
Q

What is the causative agent of
Human African trypanosomiasis in East Africa ?

A
  • ## Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (rHAT)
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3
Q

What is the Vector for American Trypanosomiasis ?

A

Triatomine bugs

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4
Q

whats the causative agent for american trypansomiasis?

A

Trypansoma Cruzii

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Vector for gHAT?

A

Glossina palpalis group of Tsetse fly

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7
Q

Vector of rHAT?

A

Glossina Morsitans group of Tsetse fly

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8
Q

parasite cause Chagas disease ?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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9
Q

Vector for Chagas ?

A
  • Family : reduviid bug:
    -Subfamily :Triatomine bugs :
  • In wild environment in Amazona region and central America:
    1- Triatoma infestans
    2- Triatoma braziliensis
    3- Triatoma sordida
    4- Panstrongylus megistus.

*In south cone - Brazil , Argentina , Peru , Bolivia
(in houses night biting) :
5- Rhodnius prolixus

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10
Q

Infective stage of plasmodium to human?

A

Sporozoite

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11
Q

plasmodium spp that has hypnozoite stage ?

A

p vivax
P ovale

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12
Q

plasmodium that can cause band form in erythrocytic stage on microscopy?

A

P malariae

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13
Q

Causes of tertian malaria ?

A

P vivax
p ovale ( but doesn’t sequestrate in microvasculature)

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14
Q

quartan Malaria

A

p malariea

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15
Q

plazmodium that cause enlarged RBC and classic comet form on micrscoy

A

p ovale

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16
Q

How to differentiate b/w scoleces of Tania saginatum, Taenia solium , E chinococcus granulosus and diphyllobothrium latum?

A

1- Saginatum: not hooks
and has 4 sucking disks
2- Solium: Hooked 4 sucking disks
3- E granulosus: 30-36 hooks in 2 rows and 4 sucks
4- diphylobothrium latum: almond shape and with pair of suctorial grooves called bothria

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Diseases caused by Taenia solium?

A

1- Taeniasis (Pork tape worm)
2- Cysticercosis

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18
Q

T/F:
E granulosus can grow into adult form inside human body ?

A

F

E granulosus can only mature into an adult form and produce eggs in canine

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19
Q

Mode of infection in Taeniasis and cysticercosis?

A

In Taeniasis : by ingestion of the larvae in pork flesh

In Cysticercoses: By ingestion of the embryonated eggs (oncospheres) from patients own stool or other human carrier

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20
Q

What is the most common tape worm infection in human??

A

Hymenolepis nana
(Dwarf tapeworm)

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21
Q

Mode of infection by Hymenolepis nana ?

A

1- ingestion of the eggs in contaminated food and water
2- accidentally ingest cysticercoid-infected arthropod

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22
Q

Mode of infection of Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm) ?

A

By ingestion of intermediate host (Grain weevils and earwigs) containing larva stage
(mainly in precooked cereals)

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23
Q

what is the infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum to mammals??

A

Plerocercoid larvae in raw and undercooked fishes

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24
Q

Definitive host of Diphyllobothrium latum??

A

Human
bears
cats
dogs
(fish eaters)

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25
Q

what are the 2 required intermediate host for Diphyllobothrium latum lifecycle ?

A

1- the copepods
2- fish

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26
Q

what is the only cestode that have an operculated eggs ?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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27
Q

Mode of infection with dipylidium caninum?
what is the age group at risk ?
what is the diagnostic stage ?

A
  • BY ingestion of Ctenocephalides fleas containing larvae
  • Mainly affect infant and young kids with close relation with pets
  • Diagnostic stage: Gravid proglottid in stool ( eggs are not seen in human stool)
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28
Q

Mode of infection of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica?

and what is the intermediate ( secondary) host ?

What is the diagnostic stage in human?

A

Undercooked watercress which contain the encysted larval metacercaria

Intermediate host: water snails

diagnostic stage : operculated oval eggs in stool

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29
Q

T/F :
Fasciola hepatica eggs are operculated and identical to the eggs of Fasciolopsis buski ( giant intestinal fluke)

A

T

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30
Q

Opisthorcis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke ) mode of infection?

A

By Ingestion of undercooked / raw fish containing metacercaria

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31
Q

where is the anatomical journey of both Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis in human body??

A

Fasciola hepatica:
larva penetrate intestinal wall then peritoneal cavity then penetrate liver capsule to reach bile duct where they mature

Clonorchis sinensis parasite pass from intestine via ampula of vater and then reach the liver by bile ducts

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32
Q

mode of human infection by giant intestinal fluke(fasciolopsis buski) ?

A

by ingestion of contaminated water chestnut

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33
Q

What is the mode of infection of paragonimus westermani?

A

by ingesting the undercooked crap meat containing metacercaria

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34
Q

which cancer can Opisthorchis sinensis infection causes??

A

Cholangiocarcinoma

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35
Q

what is the Size and shape of Paragonimus westermani adult worms ?

A

12 by 4 mm
resembles a coffee bean in size, shape, and color

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36
Q

T/F

Entamoeba histolytica can be zoonotic infection ?

A

F

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

what is the only protozoal diarrheal infection which can cause eosinophilia ??

A

Isospora belli

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39
Q

What are the CNS infections that can caused by Amoebiasis and Naegleria fowleri ?

A

1- Amoeba dysentery:
Amoebic brain abscess

2- Acanthamoeba spp: slowly progressive Amoebic granulomatous encephalitis - GAE

3- Naegleria fowleri :
Amoebic Meningoencephalitis

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40
Q

What are the spp that can cause GAE (Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis)

A

Free living amoeba spp:
1- Acanthamoeba
2- Balamuthia mandrillaris
3- Sappinia

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41
Q

What is the cause of scrup typhus (bush typhus) ? and what is the vector ? Reservoir ?

A

Orientia tsutsugamushi

The vector is the infected larval trombiculid mites, commonly known as chiggers

Wild rats are the natural reservoir

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42
Q

What is the cause and vector of African tick bite fever ?

A

Caused by: Rickettsia Africae

Vector is Amblyomma tick

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43
Q

What is the cause and vector of Queensland tick typhus

A

Rickettsia australis

Vector is Ixodes tick

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44
Q

What are the DEBONEL/TEBOLA?
What is the cause and vector?

A

TIBOLA is the tick‐born lymphadenitis

DEBONEL: Dermacentor‐borne necrosis, erythema, lymphadenopathy

-Caused by : Rickettsia slovaca is the causative agent

-Transmitted by ticks of the genus Dermacentor

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45
Q

What is the vector of Brugia timori?

A

Mansonia Mosquitoes

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46
Q

What are the diseases that can be transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?

A

LF
YF
DHF
Zika
Chikungunya

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47
Q

what is the difference b/w Loaloa Encephalopathy and Mazotti reaction?

A

Loaloa Encephalopathy occues in Loa loa treatment with Ivermectin (commonest) and DEC (Less common)

Mazotti reaction occurs when Onchocerciasis treatment with DEC

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48
Q

Treatment of choice of Loa loa?

A

DEC
If no detectable microfilaremia :
9 mg/kg/day for 21 days

If detectable Microfilaremia : gradual increase dose of DEC from 1 mg/kg/day up to 9 mg/kg/day 21 days

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49
Q

Treatment of choice of LF?

A

DEC 6mg/kg/day for 1 or 12 days
If Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia for 14-21 days

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50
Q

Treatment of Oncocerca volvulus

A

1- To kill microfilariae:
ivermectin 150 mcg/kg orally in one dose
every 6 months

2- to kill macrofilariae:
doxycycline* 200 mg orally daily
for 6 weeks

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51
Q

Countries that have reported cases of Trypanosoma brucei gambiensis ?

A

DRC (Commonest)
Cameroon / Congo
Central Africa
S Sudan / Chad
E Guinea / Guinea/ Gabon

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52
Q

Countries that have reported cases of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ?

A

Malawi
Zambia
Uganda
Tanzania

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53
Q

The vector of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense ?

A

Tsetse fly ( Glossina Morsitans )

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54
Q

The Vector of Trypanosoma brucei gambeinsis

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis)

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55
Q

(single genital ulcers)

1- Cause of Chancroids?

2- Lymphogranuloma venerum?

3- Granuloma inguinale ?

A

1- Haemophilus ducreyi

2- Chlamydia trachomatis (LGV serovar) L 1 ,L2 ,L3

3- Klebsiella granulomatis (donovanosis)

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56
Q

presentation and treatment of LGV?
(Chlamydia trachomatis)

A

1- Main presentation is Proctitis (bloody discharge, tenesmus, or ulceration)
2- inguinal lymphadenopathy with bubo formation
3- Single painless genital ulcer

Tx: Doxycycline 100 mg orally 2 times/day for 21 days or:
- Azithromycin 1 g once weekly for 3 weeks
Or:
Erythromycin base 500 mg orally 4 times/day for 21 days

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57
Q

What is the cause , Presentation and Tx of Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)?

A
  • Klebsiella granulomatis .
  • slowly progressive Painless single genital ulcers Without regional LN
    -subcutaneous granulomas (pseudobuboes) which are highly vascular (beefy red appearance) and can bleed.
    Tx
    First line:
    Azithromycin 1 gm orally once weekly or 500 mg daily for > 3 weeks and until all lesions have completely healed

alternative :
Doxy , erythro ,cotrim

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58
Q

Causes of multiple , painful genital ulcers ?

A

1- HSV
2- Chancroids( Haemophilus ducreyi)
3- Scabies ( sarcoptes scapiei )

59
Q

Tx of Chancroid?

A

1- Azithromycin single oral dose (1 gram)
2- single IM dose (250 mg) of ceftriaxone,
oral (500 mg) of
3- erythromycin three times a day for seven days

60
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis ?

A

NAAT testing ( always test LGV Serovar if MSM with suspected rectal Chlamydia as required longer treatment)

Treatment:
1- Doxy 100 mg BD x7 days or:
2- Azithro 1 grams stat then 500 mg OD x2 days

61
Q

Diagnosis and Tx of Gonorrhea ?

A

Diagnosis:
Microscopy
NAAT
Culture for sensistivity testing

Tx:
Ceftriaxone
cefixim
Azithromycin

test for cure in 2 weeks time

62
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis presentation, diagnosis and TX?

A

1- heavy frothy vaginal discharge
2- punctate haemorrahge in cervix(strawberry cervix)
Diagnosis :
1-Microscopy( only sens 7%)
2- PCR
3- POCT
4- Cultures (difficult)

Tx
Oral Metronidazole 500 mg bd x 7 days ( can increase dose to 2 grams bd)
Oral Tinidazole

63
Q

Mode of transmission of Histoplasma?

A

1- mainly by inhalation of microconidia which transform into yeast phenotype at 37c and then phagocytosed by macrophages.

2- very rarely : primary cutaneous histoplasmosis

64
Q

What is the cause and vector of Pappataci fever?

A

(AKA: sandfly fever or the 3 days fever)
Caused by : 3 different serotypes of phleboviruses:
T :Toscana
S :Sicillian
N :Naples

Vector:Phlebotomus sand flies

65
Q

What is the vector of Chandipura viral encephalitis ?

A

Phlebotomus sand fly

66
Q

What is the cause and vector of Oroya fever?

A

caused by Bartonella bacilliformis

Transmits by sandflies of the genus Lutzomyia.

67
Q

The vector and causative agent of Trachoma ?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis serovar A B1 B2 C

eye seeking flies (Musca sorbens)

68
Q

What are the 2 Clinical phases of Trachoma ?

A

1- Active Trachoma (Conjunctivitis)
2- Cicatricial disease (Corneal scarring)

69
Q

What is the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing Trachoma ?

A

NAAT

70
Q

What is the medical Treatment of trachoma ?

A

Mass treatment if prevalence >10% , to be repeated annually for 3 years if (prevalence >10%) for 5 years of prevalence >30%)

Azithromycin 20mg/kg stat( max 1 grams po stat)

Topical tetracycline 1% eye ointment for 6 weeks

71
Q

What are the diseases that can be caused by Bartonella bacilliformis?

What is the vector?

A

Carrion’s disease :
1-Oroya fever
2- verruga Peruana

Transmission:
sandfly

72
Q

What are the disease that can be transmitted by Lice

A

1-Bartonella Quintana(Trensh fever or the 5 days fever)

2- Borrelia recurrentes (relapsing fever)

3- Rickettsia prowazekii (Epidemic typhus)

73
Q

What is the cause , vector and treatment of louse-borne relapsing fever?

A

caused by borrelia recurrentes

transmit by body louse
restricted to Ethiopian highland

Tx single dose doxycycline , tetracycline ,Erythromycin , penicillin G

74
Q

What is the Vector , the cause and Treatment of Trench fever ?

A

Louse borne

Caused by Bartonella quintana

6 weeks of Doxycycline +2 weeks of Gentamycin

75
Q

What is the cause and treatment of Brill-Zinsser disease?

A

It is the late relapse of Epidemic (louse-borne typhus)

Caused by Rickettsia Prowazekii

Tx :single dose Doxycycline

76
Q

What is the cause of scabies ?

A

Caused by mite Sarcoptis scabei var hominis

77
Q

What are the types of human louse?

A

1- Pediculus humanus capitis
2- Pediculus humanus corporis
3- Pthirus pubis

78
Q

Name the diseases that can be transmitted by Sandfly?

A

1-Leishmaniasis
2-pappatachi fever (sandfly fever- 3 day fever) caused by 3 different viral serotypes
3- Carrion disease (Bartonella basilliformis )
4-Chandipura virus

79
Q

What is the pappatachi fever ?

A

-It is the sandfly fever or three-day fever
-vector-borne febrile arboviral infection
- caused by three serotypes of Phlebovirus:
1- Naples virus
2- Sicilian virus
3- Toscana virus

80
Q

Name the three pathogens of which the body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) is a vector?

A

1- Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus)

2- Bartonella quintana(Trench fever)

3- Borrelia recurrentis (louse-borne relapsing fever)

81
Q

Name the 5 medically important Fleas ?

A

1- pulex irritance

2- ctenocephalides felis and ctenocephalides canis (transmit Dipylidium caninum)

3-Xenopsylla cheopis- Oriental rat flea (transmit Yersinia pestis “Plague “ and Rickettsia typhi “Endemic murine typhus”

4- Nosopsyllus fasciatus Northern rat fleas ( Transmit salmonella enteriditis and Francisella tularensis- rabbit fever)

5-Tunga penetrans (Jiggers or sandfleas)

82
Q

What is the cause and vector for Scrub typhus ?

A

Caused by Oreintia tsutsugamushi

Transmit by Trombiculid mites (Chiggers)

83
Q

What are the Chiggers and The Jiggers ?

A

Chiggers are the Trombculid mites that transmits orientia tsutsugamushi and causes scrub typhus

Jiggers are the fleas Tunga penetrans that’s cause Tungiasis (Sandfleas)

84
Q

What are the 2 viruses that can be transmitted by ixodid hard ticks ?

A

1- Tick borne encephalitis
2- Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever

85
Q

What are the 2 different classes of Sandfly?

A

1- Old world sandfly: Phlebotomus spp

2-New world Sandfly : Lutzomyia spp

86
Q

What are the 2 different spp of Tsetse fly?

A

1- Glossina Morsitans
- Transmit Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
-Can cause east African trypanosomiasis
- Dry Savannah

2-Glossina palpalis
- Transmit Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Can cause west African Trypanosomiasis
- Wet vegetations and rivers and lakes

87
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Lassa fever

A

1- via ingestion or inhalation of food contaminated with rodent urine or faeces
2- Human-to-human transmission can also occur via infected urine, feces, saliva, vomitus, or blood

88
Q

What is the parasitic stage and mammalian stage of Leishmania species?

A

1- Insect stage:
Procyclic promastigote

2- Mammalian stage:
Amastigote

89
Q

In diagnosing Leishmania under microscope , what other parasite can look similar to the intracellular amastigotes ?

A

Peniciilum marneffei
Histoplasma capsulatum

90
Q

In Falciparum malaria what is commonest stage to see in BF?

A

Early Trophozoites (Ring stage)

91
Q

What are the 2 stages that’s least likely to be seen in thin blood film?

A

1- Late Trophozoite
2- Schizonts

92
Q

What is the infectious stage of Malaria parasite ?

A

Sporozoite

93
Q

What is the cause and vector of River blindness?

A

Caused by Onchocerca volvolus .

Transmit by Simulum fly (Black fly)

94
Q

What is the vector of Loaiasis ?

A

Chrysops deer fly

95
Q

T/F:
Onchocerca has sheathed microfilaria ?

A

F

96
Q

List soil transmitted helminths of clinical importance?

A

1- Strongyloides stercoralis
2- Ascaris lumbricoides
3- Necator americanas and Ancylostomia duodenales
4- Trichuris trichuira

97
Q

What is the mode of transmission of each human cestodial infection (tape worms)?

A

1- By ingestion of the encysted larvae stage (cysticercus) in undercooked meat:
= Taenia solium
=Taenia saginata
= Hymenolepsis diminuta ( by ingesting weevil grains contining larvae)
= Diphyllobothrium latum ( pleocercoid larva) in undercooked fish
= Dipyllidium caninum by ingestion of larvae within fleas (ctenocephalides canis and felis )

2- By ingestion of eggs ;
= Cysticercosis
= Hymenolepis nana
= Echinococcus granulosus

98
Q

What is the diff b/w Taeniasis and cysticercosis ?

A

Cysticercosis is the condition where the human becomes infected by the adult worm by ingestion of eggs of taenia saginatum

In taeniasis , adult worms are never seen in human
only the larval stages located only in small intestine

99
Q

What is the cause of alveococcosis ?

A

Echinococcus multilocularis (Fos tapeworms)

100
Q

T/F’;
The adult Echinococcus granulosus can be found in human ?

A

F
Only in Canine which get infected by eating the viscera of sheep containing hydatid cysts

101
Q

Mode of infection of Hymenolepsis diminuta (Rat tapeworms) ?

A

By ingestion of larvae in intermediate host mainly the Grain weevils (Usually in pre-cooked cereals)

102
Q

What are the 2 tapeworms with unhooked scolexes?

A

1- Taenia saginata
2- Hymenolepsis diminuta

103
Q

What’s the only tapeworm with operculated eggs?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

104
Q

What is the mode of infection of Diphylobothrium latum and dipyllidium caninum ?

A

Dyphylobothrium latum: ingestion of pleocercoid larvae in undercooked fish

Dipallydium caninum :
by ingestion of fleas conytaining larvae (Ctenovcephalides felis

105
Q

Fasciola hepatica transmission ?

A

By ingestion of improperly cooked watercress containing larval Metacercaria

106
Q

T/F
Fasciola hepatica eggs are identical to fasciolopsis buski and are 130-150 Micrometer in diameter ?

A

T

107
Q

Fasciolopsis Buski mode of transmission ?

A

By ingestion of infected water chestnut containing Metacercaria

108
Q

What is the adult Paragonimus westermani size?
And what is the egg size?

A

adult worm is 10 mm

weggs are 120 Micrometer

109
Q

Paragonimus westermani mode of infection?

A

ingestion of infected crabmeat with Metacercaria

110
Q

Mode of transmission of Chinese liver fluke (opisthorchis sinensis) ?

A

Ingestion of Metacercaria in undercooked fish meat

111
Q

in Schistosomiasis:
What is
1- the human infective stage and
2- snail infective stage ?

A

1- Cercaria

2- Meracedia

112
Q

What is Katayama syndrome ?

A

Acute toxaemic schistosomiasis
Caused by s mansoni and Japonicum

113
Q

what is the cause of Loffler’s syndrome?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

114
Q

what is the cause of larva currens ?

A

Strongyloidiasis s

115
Q

what is the cause of cutaneous larva migrans?

A

Can or dogs hook worms e.g Ankylostoma braziliensis

116
Q

what is the cause of Visceral larva migranse?

A

Toxocara catis and canis

117
Q

What is the virus ass with Kaposi sarcoma

A

HHV8

118
Q

What is the virus ass with PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ?

A

JC Virus

119
Q

What is the pathognomic histopathology feature of Toxoplasmosis ?

A
  • Intracellular or intracellular Tachyzoite
120
Q

What is the size and the shape of Paragonimus westernani eggs

A

yellow-brown

# ovoid or elongate with a thick shell

121
Q

T/F

In paragonimiasis the eggs are unembryonated when passed in sputum or feces?

A

T

122
Q

What is the most common cause of CLM (Cutaneous larva migrans or creeping eruption)?

A

Ancylostoma braziliense and A. caninum.

123
Q

What are the features of Hymenolepis diminuta eggs ?

A

round or slightly oval # size 80 µm X 80 µm, # # has a striated outer membrane and a thin inner membrane

The space between the membranes is smooth or faintly granular

NO polar
filaments

124
Q

Hymenolepis nana eggs ?

A

Size : 45 to 50 microns in diameter

exhibiting polar
filaments lying between the egg shell and the
hexacanth embryo.

125
Q

What are the 2 cestodes that causes human hymenolepiasis ? and what is their size ?

A

1- Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm, adults measuring 15 to 40 mm in length)
2- Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm, adults measuring 20 to 60 cm in length)

126
Q

Diphylobothrium latum eggs size

A

30x60 micron
oval or ellipsoidal
operculated eggs

127
Q

The only cestode that can cause vitamin B 12 deficiency

A

Diphylobothrium latum

128
Q

T/F:
Dipylidium caninum and hymenolepis diminuta has same size adult worm ?

A

T
60-70 CM

129
Q

what is the size of Giardia duodenalis cyst and trophozoites ?

A

10- 20 micrometre

130
Q

Size and features of Entamoeba histolytica/ dispar cyst ?

A

size :15 mic

have 4 nuclei that
each have centrally-located karyosomes and peripheral chromatin

chromatoid body with blunt ends

131
Q

Size and features of Entamoeba histolytica /dispar trophozoite?

A

Size 20 mic

Has a single nucleus, which have a central karyosome and uniformly peripheral chromatin

The cytoplasm has a granular or “ground-glass” appearance

132
Q

Characteristic feature of Iodamoeba butschilii

A

Glycogen vacuole and single nucleus

133
Q

size of Cryptosporidium cysts?

A

5 micrometre

134
Q

Which Nematode is commonly ass with Rectal prolapse ?

A

Trichuris trichura

135
Q

what is the size and features of Trichuris trichiura eggs?

A

size :50 x 25 micrometers

barrel-shaped, thick-shelled and possess a pair of polar “plugs” at each end.

136
Q

T/F:
Loffler syndrome ass with strongyloidiasis?

A

F
Ass with ascaris
hyperesinophilia , cough and urticaria)

137
Q

T/F
larva currens is ass with ascaris?

A

F
Ass with strongyloidiasis
no eosinophilia

138
Q

What is the size of adult ascaris worm?

A

35 cm female

30 cm male

139
Q

what is the size of Ascaris eggs ?

A

fertile eggs 70mic

elongated oval shape
has thinner outer layer with variable mammilation

infertile eggs: 90 mic
have a thick shell
less mammitation
more rounded

140
Q

what is larva currens?

A

It is the subcutaneous migration of filariform larvae in the autoinfective cycle of strongyloidiasis

presents as a recurrent maculopapular or urticarial rash

due to repeated autoinfection. T

advances very rapidly (up to 10 cm/hr).

141
Q

what is the infective and diagnostic stage of strongyloides stercoralis ?

A

infective: Filariform L3 larvae

Diagnostic : Rhabditiform L1 larvae

eggs never seen in stool

142
Q

T/F:
The eggs of Ancylostoma and Necator cannot be differentiated microscopically.

A

T

143
Q

What is the size of hook worm eggs ?

A

measure 70 µm by 40 µm

#smooth outer layer
#very lumpy interior

40-70 mic

144
Q

What is the size and Identification feature of Simulum black flies?

A

0.5 cm
humped thorax
colourless wings
very large and compounded eyes

145
Q

What are the identification features of Argasid ticks ?

A

oval or rounded
flat dorsoventrally
wrinkled and covered with tiny tubercles called mammillae
no scutum

146
Q

Which disease can be transmitted by Soft tick Argasid of genus Ornithodoros.

A

TBRF - Borrelia hermsii

Parasitology (5 decks)

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