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PRIYA RENAL > random facts > Flashcards

random facts Flashcards

1
Q

what does haemofiltration do

A

removes certain proteins from the blood by passing them through a filter

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2
Q

haemodialysis

A

transfers electrolytes via an osmotic gradient to purify blood

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3
Q

is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis nephritic or nephrotic

A

nephiritc - oedema, proteinuria + haematuria

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4
Q

is minmal change nephropathy nephrotic or nephritic?

A

nephrotic

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5
Q

which type of fistulae can result in DHIS / steal syndrome? which artery is most commonly involved?

A

AV fistulae

brachial artery

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6
Q

what is tamulosin

A
  • alpha blocker

- begins to work within a few days to relieve symptoms of BPH

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7
Q

what is finasteride

A
  • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
  • ## effective in BPH but take 3-6 months to have an effect
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8
Q

what is oxybutyin

A
  • anticholinergic

- helps with symptoms of overactive bladder

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9
Q

what is sildenafil

A
  • viagra

- PDE-5 inhibitor

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10
Q

what are some risk factors for stress incontinence?

A 
increasing age
traumatic vaginal delivery 
obesity
previous pelvic surgery 
(all increased intra-abdo pressure)
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11
Q

which patients are usually seen to have overflow incontinence?

A

men with BPH

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12
Q

what is the furham nuclear grade used for?

A

clear cell renal carcinoma

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13
Q

which scrotum does a varicocele usually affect? left or right

A

left due to increased resistacne to flow (left gonadal veins drain into the left renal vein whereas the right gonadal veins drain directly into the IVC)

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14
Q

cause of epidydymo-orchitis in <35s

A

STI eg n gonnorhoea

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15
Q

cause of epidydmo-orchitis in >35s

A

E. coli eg GI tract infection

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16
Q

classic finding of epidydymo-orchitis on clinical examination

A

the alleviation of pain upon elevation of the testes

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17
Q

classic triad of renal cell carcinoma

A

haematuria
loin pain
loin mass

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18
Q

gold standard for diagnosis of renal / ureteric caliculi

A

non-contrast CT

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19
Q

initial management option for rhabdomyolysis?

A

IV fluids –> to promote renal clearance of released inrtacellular muscle toxins

20
Q

which condition do you find magnesium carbonate stones (struvite) in?

A

UTI

21
Q

what are blood and urine results in testicular torsion?

A

normal

22
Q

which lesions are seen in diabetic nephropathy

A

kimmelsteil-wilson nodulse

23
Q

what are kimmelsteil-wilson nodules?

A

seen in diabetic nephrophaty

nodules of hyaline material that build up in the glomerulus

24
Q

which chromosome and genes are affected in ADPKD

A

PDK1 on chromosome 16

or less likely PDK2 on chromosome 4

25
Q

which type of infections are associated with IgA nephropahty

A

mucosal infections eg sore throat

26
Q

what does peyronies disease look like?

A

curved penis

27
Q

what investigation must you carry out in order to do a prostate biopsy?

A

transrectal ultrasound biopsy

28
Q

which kind of crystals are envelope shaped?

A

calcium oxalate crystals

29
Q

what are the symptoms of a testicular appendage torsion?

A

pea size lump in the upper pole of the testis which occurs over 24 hours

30
Q

describe yolk sac tumours?

A

<4 years
mucinous tumour which contains schiller-duval bodies which resemble primitive glomeruli
AFP is secreted by these tumours

31
Q

what is the first line investigation in any prostate condition

A

PSA

32
Q

what do urodynamics asses?

A

extent of the obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate

33
Q

what is the next investigation after PSA levels for an enlarged prostate?

A

USS

34
Q

when should urinalysis be carried out?

A

when there are symptoms of a UTI

35
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

affects uncircumcised males
when foreskin can no longer be pulled forward over the tip of the penis –> foreksin stuck and swollen and no blood flow to tip of penis
- can be caused by catheterisation

36
Q

what is peyronies disease?

A

caused by scar tissue, called plaque, that forms inside the penis
results in a bent erect penis

37
Q

what is phimosis?

A

inability to retract the foreskin

may appear as a tight ring or rubber band of foreskin around the tip of the penis preventing full retraction

38
Q

who gets phimosis

A

<20 males

39
Q

what does recurring UTIs in males strongly suggest?

A

chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by E coli

40
Q

what is the gold standard investigation for bladder cancer?

A

cystoscopy

41
Q

what is the gold standard investigation for renal stones?

A

CT KUB

42
Q

do most renal stones present with microscopic haematuria? true or false

A

true - so do urine dip stick

43
Q

to which group of lymph nodes do the testes drain?

A

para-aortic nodes

44
Q

cystitis vs pyelonephritis

A

cystitis - infection of bladder, contained and so no fever

pyelonephritis - infection of upper urinary tract - fevers, chills + pain, confusion or urinary retention

45
Q

how does a high sodium diet lead to renal stone formation?

A

causes increased calcium secretion - hypercalcuria - stone formation

46
Q

IgA nephropahty vs post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtisi in terms of how many days post infection

A

IgA - macroscopic haematuria few days after upper viral RTI

post-strep - 1-2 weeks after infection

PRIYA RENAL (4 decks)

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