random facts Flashcards
what does haemofiltration do
removes certain proteins from the blood by passing them through a filter
haemodialysis
transfers electrolytes via an osmotic gradient to purify blood
is post streptococcal glomerulonephritis nephritic or nephrotic
nephiritc - oedema, proteinuria + haematuria
is minmal change nephropathy nephrotic or nephritic?
nephrotic
which type of fistulae can result in DHIS / steal syndrome? which artery is most commonly involved?
AV fistulae
brachial artery
what is tamulosin
- alpha blocker
- begins to work within a few days to relieve symptoms of BPH
what is finasteride
- 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
- ## effective in BPH but take 3-6 months to have an effect
what is oxybutyin
- anticholinergic
- helps with symptoms of overactive bladder
what is sildenafil
- viagra
- PDE-5 inhibitor
what are some risk factors for stress incontinence?
increasing age traumatic vaginal delivery obesity previous pelvic surgery (all increased intra-abdo pressure)
which patients are usually seen to have overflow incontinence?
men with BPH
what is the furham nuclear grade used for?
clear cell renal carcinoma
which scrotum does a varicocele usually affect? left or right
left due to increased resistacne to flow (left gonadal veins drain into the left renal vein whereas the right gonadal veins drain directly into the IVC)
cause of epidydymo-orchitis in <35s
STI eg n gonnorhoea
cause of epidydmo-orchitis in >35s
E. coli eg GI tract infection
classic finding of epidydymo-orchitis on clinical examination
the alleviation of pain upon elevation of the testes
classic triad of renal cell carcinoma
haematuria
loin pain
loin mass
gold standard for diagnosis of renal / ureteric caliculi
non-contrast CT
initial management option for rhabdomyolysis?
IV fluids –> to promote renal clearance of released inrtacellular muscle toxins
which condition do you find magnesium carbonate stones (struvite) in?
UTI
what are blood and urine results in testicular torsion?
normal
which lesions are seen in diabetic nephropathy
kimmelsteil-wilson nodulse
what are kimmelsteil-wilson nodules?
seen in diabetic nephrophaty
nodules of hyaline material that build up in the glomerulus
which chromosome and genes are affected in ADPKD
PDK1 on chromosome 16
or less likely PDK2 on chromosome 4
which type of infections are associated with IgA nephropahty
mucosal infections eg sore throat
what does peyronies disease look like?
curved penis
what investigation must you carry out in order to do a prostate biopsy?
transrectal ultrasound biopsy
which kind of crystals are envelope shaped?
calcium oxalate crystals
what are the symptoms of a testicular appendage torsion?
pea size lump in the upper pole of the testis which occurs over 24 hours
describe yolk sac tumours?
<4 years
mucinous tumour which contains schiller-duval bodies which resemble primitive glomeruli
AFP is secreted by these tumours
what is the first line investigation in any prostate condition
PSA
what do urodynamics asses?
extent of the obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate
what is the next investigation after PSA levels for an enlarged prostate?
USS
when should urinalysis be carried out?
when there are symptoms of a UTI
what is paraphimosis?
affects uncircumcised males
when foreskin can no longer be pulled forward over the tip of the penis –> foreksin stuck and swollen and no blood flow to tip of penis
- can be caused by catheterisation
what is peyronies disease?
caused by scar tissue, called plaque, that forms inside the penis
results in a bent erect penis
what is phimosis?
inability to retract the foreskin
may appear as a tight ring or rubber band of foreskin around the tip of the penis preventing full retraction
who gets phimosis
<20 males
what does recurring UTIs in males strongly suggest?
chronic bacterial prostatitis caused by E coli
what is the gold standard investigation for bladder cancer?
cystoscopy
what is the gold standard investigation for renal stones?
CT KUB
do most renal stones present with microscopic haematuria? true or false
true - so do urine dip stick
to which group of lymph nodes do the testes drain?
para-aortic nodes
cystitis vs pyelonephritis
cystitis - infection of bladder, contained and so no fever
pyelonephritis - infection of upper urinary tract - fevers, chills + pain, confusion or urinary retention
how does a high sodium diet lead to renal stone formation?
causes increased calcium secretion - hypercalcuria - stone formation
IgA nephropahty vs post-streptococcal glomerulonephrtisi in terms of how many days post infection
IgA - macroscopic haematuria few days after upper viral RTI
post-strep - 1-2 weeks after infection
