Random Cancer Flashcards
What is p-glycoprotein
Also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1); expressed by some cancer cells to pump out toxins, including chemo.
Metaplasia usually increases the risk of cancer, except for which type?
Apocrine metaplasia (breast)
Why can vitamin A deficiency result in metaplasia?
Because it’s necessary for differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces such as the conjunctiva covering the eye (keratomalacia can occur)
What does tumor grade mean?
Degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity
What does tumor stage mean?
Degree of localization/spread based on T (tumor size/site), N (LN involvement), & M (metastases)
Carinomas normally spread in what way?
Lymphatically
What are the 4 carcinomas that spread hematagenously?
RCC, HCC, follicular carcinoma of the thyroid, choriocarcinoma
How do sarcomas spread?
Hematogenously
Benign blood cell tumor?
Doesn’t exist
Malignant blood cell tumor?
Leukemia, lymphoma
Benign blood vessel tumor?
Hemangioma
Malignant blood vessel tumor?
Angiosarcoma
Benign smooth muscle tumor?
Leiomyoma
Malignant smooth muscle tumor?
Leiomyosarcoma
Benign striated muscle tumor?
Rhabdomyoma
Malignant striated muscle tumor?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Benign connective tissue tumor?
Fibroma
Malignant connective tissue tumor?
Fibrosarcoma
Benign bone tumor?
Osteoma
Malignant bone tumor?
Osteosarcoma
Benign fat tumor?
Lipoma
Malignant fat tumor?
Liposarcoma
Benign melanocyte tumor?
Mole (Nevus)
Malignant melanocyte tumor?
Melanoma
What is cachexia?
Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease; mediated by TNF-alpha
What are psammoma bodies?
Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules
In what diseases are psammoma bodies found? (4)
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid, serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary, meningioma, malignant mesothelioma
What are the most common cancers (incidence)?
Prostate/breast, lung, colorectal
Which cancer has the highest mortality?
Lung cancer
What are the most common tumors metastasizing to the brain?
Lung > breast > GU > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
What are the most common tumors metastasizing to the liver?
Colon»_space; stomach > pancreas
What are the most common tumors metastasizing to the bone?
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid
What are the most common sites of metastasis after regional LNs?
Liver and lung
Prostatic cancer gives rise to ____ bone mets.
Osteoblastic
Breast cancer gives rise to ______ bone mets
Usually osteolytic (but osteoblastic too?)
