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AQA A Level Biology > Random Biology 🧬🧫 > Flashcards

Random Biology 🧬🧫 Flashcards

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1
Q

Suggest why log scales are used in biology (1 mark)

A

Large range of data

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2
Q

Explain how the second messenger model of glucagon works (5 marks)

A
  • Glucagon binds to receptors on liver cell membrane
  • This causes a change in the shape of the enzyme adenylate cyclase, activating it
  • This enzyme converts ATP into cAMP
  • cAMP activates kinase
  • Which catalyses the hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose
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3
Q

Explain how the second messenger model of adrenaline works (5 marks)

A
  • Adrenaline binds to receptors on liver cell membrane
  • This causes a protein (G protein) to be activated
  • This enzyme converts ATP into cAMP
  • cAMP activates kinase
  • Which catalyses the hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose
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4
Q

State the first and second messengers in the second messenger model of glucagon (2 marks)

A
  • First: glucagon

- Second: cAMP

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5
Q

Describe how a low blood glucose concentration is detected (3 marks)

A
  • Detected by alpha cells
  • In the Islets of Langerhans
  • In the pancreas
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6
Q

State where glucagon and insulin are secreted from (1 mark)

A

Pancreas

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7
Q

State where adrenaline is secreted from (1 mark)

A

Adrenal glands

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8
Q

Describe how a high blood glucose concentration is detected (3 marks)

A
  • Detected by beta cells
  • In the Islets of Langerhans
  • In the pancreas
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9
Q

Suggest how you would ensure that data is representative (2 marks)

A
  • Random samples

- Large sample

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10
Q

DNA –> mRNA (1 mark)

A

Transcription

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11
Q

mRNA –> tRNA (1 mark)

A

Translation

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12
Q

Explain what a P value of less that 0.02 suggests (2 marks)

A
  • Probability that difference is due to chance is
    less than 0.05
  • Reject null hypothesis
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13
Q

Polymer in cell walls of plants (1 mark)

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

Polymer in cell walls of prokaryotes (1 mark)

A

Murein

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15
Q

Polymer in cell walls of algae (1 mark)

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

Polymer in cell walls of fungi (1 mark)

A

Chitin

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17
Q

Things to look out for when evaluating conclusions (6 marks)

A
  • Stats test
  • Sample size
  • Humans or animals?
  • Other factors involved
  • Correlation does not mean causation
  • STDs + significance
18
Q

State the location of chemoreceptors and baroreceptors (1 mark)

A

Aorta

19
Q

Name three monosaccharides (3 marks)

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
20
Q

State some properties of glycogen which make it suitable for its functions (3 marks)

A
  • Branched (for quick hydrolysis of enzymes)
  • Insoluble (so not affected by water potential)
  • Compact (good storage)
21
Q

State the number of water molecules produced during the formation of triglycerides (1 mark)

A

3

22
Q

State and explain the properties of triglycerides, relating them to their function (8 marks)

A
  • Energy storage
  • -> Large ratio of energy storing C-H bonds compared to the number of C atoms
  • Metabolic water source
  • -> High ratio of H to O atoms so if oxidised, they release water
  • Do not affect water potentials and osmosis
  • -> Large and hydrophobic, so insoluble in water
  • Good storage molecule
  • -> Low mass so doesn’t make animal more heavy
23
Q

Explain how enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction (3 marks)

A
  • Active site is induced / slightly changes shape to mould around the substrate
  • When the E-S complex forms, the enzyme moulding puts a strain on the substrate’s bonds, weakening them
  • This lowers the activation energy
24
Q

State the molecules which form ribosomes (2 marks)

A
  • RNA

- Proteins

25
Q

State the function of RNA (1 mark)

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

26
Q

State the sugar in a nucleotide (1 mark)

A

Deoxyribose

27
Q

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed (1 mark)

A

Between 2 nucleotides

28
Q 
State the roles of each of the following ions in the body:
- Hydrogen ions
- Iron ions
- Sodium ions
- Phosphate ions
(8 marks)
A

Hydrogen ions

  • Lowers pH of solutions
  • Could impact enzyme / haemoglobin function
  • Involved in chemiosmosis

Iron ions
- Component of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen

Sodium ions

  • Involved in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids during absorption
  • Plays a role in generating action potentials

Phosphate ions

  • Component of DNA (phosphodiester bonds)
  • Component of ATP
29
Q

Function of Golgi vesicles (1 mark)

A
  • Store proteins and lipids made by Golgi Apparatus and transport them around the cell
30
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus (1 mark)

A

Processes + packages proteins and lipids made in the rough ER

31
Q

Function of vacuole (1 mark)

A

Absorbs water by osmosis and swells, keeping the cell rigid

32
Q

When are chromosomes visible in a cell (1 mark)

A

When they are condensed

33
Q

Length of stage micrometer (1 mark)

A

100 micrometers

34
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum (2 marks)

A
  • Both rough and smooth have folded membranes called cisternae
  • Rough has ribosomes on the surface
35
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus (2 marks)

A
  • Folded membranes make cisternae

- Vesicles on the surface of cisternae

36
Q

Function of golgi apparatus + vesicles (3 marks)

A
  • Adds carbs to proteins to form glycoproteins
  • Produces secretory enzymes
  • Transports modifies + stores lipids
37
Q

Function of RER + SER (2 marks)

A

RER - Site of protein synthesis

SER - Synthesises stores lipids + carbohydrates

38
Q

Function of lysosomes (3 marks)

A
  • Involved in phagocytosis
  • Break down dead cells
  • Digest worn out organelles for reuse of materials
39
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria (4 marks)

A
  • Double membrane
  • Inner membrane called the cristae
  • Fluid centre called he mitochondrial matrix
  • Loop of mitochondrial DNA
40
Q

Explain why the determination of dry mass is an appropriate method to use to compare growth of plants (2 marks)

A
  • Determines increase in organic material

- Water content varies

AQA A Level Biology (14 decks)

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