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1
Q

GPC

A 
\+ catalase
Staphylococcus aureus (+ coagulase)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S novobiocin)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus (R novobiocin)
  • catalase
    Streptococcus pyogenes (gp A) (S Bacitracin)
    Streptococcus agalactiae (gp B) (R Bacitracin)
    Streptococcus pneumoniae (S optochin)
    Viridians strep (R optochin)
    Enterococcus faecium
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2
Q

GNC

A 
Nisseria meningitidis (+ Maltose)
Nisseria gonorrhoeae (- Maltose)
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3
Q

GPR

A 
O2 growth
Baciullus anthracis (+ spores)
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid fast)

An O2
Clostridium perfringens, tetani & botulinum (+ spores)

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4
Q

GNR

A

Haemophilus influenzae (-MAC growth)
Legionella pneumophilia (-MAC growth)
Campylobacter (-MAC growth)
Helicobacter (-MAC growth)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (+oxidase)
Vibrio (+oxidase)
Enterobacter (- oxidase)
Escherichia coli (+ lactose)
Klebsiella pneumonia (+ lactose)
Proteus 
Salmonella (enterica & typhy)
Shigella
Yersinia pestis

Bacteroides (obligate anaerobe)

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5
Q

Ca2+ Channel Inhibitors

A

Verapamil
Diltiazem
Felodipine
Nefedipine

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6
Q

Na+ Channel Inhibitors

A

1a - Quninidine
1b - Lignocaine
1c - Flecainide

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7
Q

K+ Channel Inhibitors

A

Amiodarone

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8
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

Catopril
Enalapril
Perindopril
Ramipril

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9
Q

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists

A

Losartan

Candesartan

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10
Q

Antihsitamines (H1)

A 
Chlopheniramine (sedative)
Promethazine (sedative)
Terfenadine (withdrawn - cardiac)
Astemizole (withdrawn - cardiac)
Cetirizine
Loratidine
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11
Q

Fibrinolytics

A

Alteplase

Streptokinase

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12
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamicin

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13
Q

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor

A

Amrinone (heart)

Roflumilast (treatment of COPD)

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14
Q

β1adrenoceptor antagonists

A 
Atenolol
Propanolol (&b2)
Timolol (&b2)
Metropolol
Isoprenaline (&b2)
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15
Q

β2adrenoceptor agonists

A

Salbutamol

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16
Q

Anti-muscarinics

A

Atropine

Ipatropium

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17
Q

Bile Acid sequesters

A

Cholestyramine

Colestipol

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18
Q

ADP receptor antagonists

A

Clopidogrel

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19
Q

Glycosides

A

Digoxin

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20
Q

Anticholinesterase

A

Edrophonium (diagnose Myasthenia Gravis)
Neostigmine (treat MG)
Pyridostigmine (treat MG)
Donepezil (treat Alzheimer’s)

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21
Q

Sterol Transporter antagonist

A

Ezetimbe

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22
Q

Loop Diuretics

A

Furosemide

Frusemide

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23
Q

Fibrates

A

Gemfibrozil

Fenofibrate

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24
Q

Glycopeptide

A

Vancomycin

Bacitracin

25
Q

Nicotinic AChR antagonist

A

Hexamethonium
Tubocurarine
Vecuronium

26
Q

Histamine H2 receptor antagonists

A

Cimetidine (treatment of peptic ulcers)

Ranitidine (treatment of peptic ulcers)

27
Q

Bradykinin B2 antagonists

A

Icatibant

28
Q

LABAs

A

Salmeterol - slow, 12hr duration
Formoterol - rapid, 12hr duration
Indacterol - rapid, 24hr duration

Monotherapy without GCS increases morbidity

29
Q

Local Viral RTIs

A

OTITIS MEDIA
Pneumococci, H influenzae

URTI
rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus

PHARYNGITIS
adenovirus, parainflueza, strep pyogenes

INFLUENZA-LIKE
influenza, RSV

CROUP (Larynx, Trachea)
parainfluenza, RSV, influenza

EPIGLOTTITIS
H influenzae type B

BRONCHIOLITIS
RSV, parainfluenza 3

PNEUMONIA
RSV, parainfluenza 3, influenza, adenovirus (atypical)
pneumococci, staph, klebsiella (acute bacterial)

30
Q

Angiogenics (inhibit angiogenesis)

A

Sorafenib
Sunitinib
Pazopanib
Everolimus

31
Q

Helminths

  • Roundworms
  • Flukes
  • Tapeworms
A

ROUNDWORMS
Pinworms (eggs around anus)
Ascaris (big, asthma symptoms)
Strongyloides (autoinfection)

FLUKES
Schistosoma (in snails - penetrates skin)

TAPEWORMS
Echinococcus (sheep/dogs, hydatid cysts)
Taenia (neurocystercercosis)

32
Q

Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft

A

Autograft - one bodypart to another
Isograft - genetically identical individuals
Allograft - members of same species
Xenograft - different species

33
Q

Tempo of Transplant Rejection Reactions

A

HYPERACUTE (minutes-hours)
pre-formed anti-donor antibodies
-endothelial damage, inflammation, thrombosis

ACUTE (days-weeks)
primary activation of T-Cells
- endothelial damage, parenchymal damage, interstitial inflammation

CHRONIC (months-years)
Unclear: antibodies, immune complexes, slow cellular reaction, recurrence of disease
- chronic DTH reaction in vessel wall, intimal smooth muscle proliferation, vessel occlusion

34
Q

Histamine Receptors, function, and antagonists

A 
H1
vasodilation
bronchoconstriction
itching
Loratidine
Ceterizine
H2
gastric acid secretion
smooth muscle relaxation
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
35
Q

Common bacterial cause of pharyngitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

but actually more likely to be viral - adenovirus

36
Q

Common bacterial cause of lobar pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

37
Q

Common bacterial cause of peptic ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

38
Q

Common bacterial cause of non-inflammatory gastroenteritis

A

Vibrio cholerae

ETEC

39
Q

Common bacterial cause of inflammatory gastroenteritis

A

Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, EHEC

40
Q

Common bacterial cause of pseudomembranous colitis

A

Clostridium difficle

41
Q

Common bacterial cause of acute meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis,
Streptococcus pneumonia,
Haemophilus influenza

42
Q

Common bacterial cause of paralysis

A

Clostridium tetani,

Clostridium botulinum

43
Q

Common bacterial cause of UTIs

A

Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Enterococcus species,
Staphylococcus Saprophyticus (young women)

44
Q

Common bacterial cause of cellulitis / skin abcess

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)
45
Q

Common bacterial cause of impetigo / necrotising fasciitis

A

Streptococcus pyogenes (group A)

46
Q

Common bacterial cause of gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

47
Q

Common bacterial cause of burn infections

A 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(more likely to be staph these days)
48
Q

Common bacterial cause of neonatal bacteremia / meningitis

A

Streptococcus agalactiae (group B),
Listeria monocytogenes,
E. coli (& GNRs)

49
Q

Common viral cause of common cold

A

Rhinovirus

50
Q

Common cause of osteomyelitis

A

Staph aureus

51
Q

GNCR (cococbacilli)

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Haemophilus influenzae
Bordella pertussis
Coxiella burnetti

52
Q

Best formers of biofilms

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Staphylococcus epidermidis

53
Q

Common cause of osteomyelitis or septic arthritis

A

Staphylococcus aureus

also Enterobacter, salmonella, pseudomonas, TB
also staph epidermidis biofilm on prosthetic device

54
Q

Common cause of infective endocartitis

A

ACUTE:
Staphylococcus aureus

SUBACUTE:
Streptococci viridans

55
Q

Autosomal Recessive Disorders

A

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell anaemia

Thalassaemia

Haemochromotosis

Dubin–Johnson syndrome

Galactosemia (inability to metabolize galactose)

56
Q

Autosomal Dominant Disorders

A

Huntingtons

Spinocerebellar ataxia

Marfan syndrome

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Ehlor’s Danlos

Porphyria

57
Q

X-Linked Recessive Disorders

A

Red-green color blindness

Hemophilia A (mutation of the Factor VIII)

Hemophilia B (mutation of the Factor IX)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (rapid progression of muscle degeneration)

Becker’s muscular dystrophy

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (patients do not generate mature B cells)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

58
Q

X-Linked Dominant Disorders

A

Fragile X (autism due to CGG repeats)

Alport Syndrome (defective basement membrane synthesis -> glomerulonephritis)

MD1 (11 decks)

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