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Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal Lobe Activities

A

Planning, execution, and regulation of behaviour, working memory, emotion
“Executive Functioning”

Last area of brain to develop
Positive Processes: Neuronal Proliferation
Negative Processes: Pruning

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2
Q

Temporal Lobe Activities

A

Audition, language, music, memory, emotion

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3
Q

Parietal Lobe Activities

A

Somatic & visuospatial representations

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4
Q

Occipital Lobe Activities

A

Vision

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5
Q

Luria’s Cortical Zones

Posterior

A

PRIMARY

  • high modal specificity
  • afferent layer IV

SECONDARY

  • perception/’gnosis’
  • layers II and III

TERTIARY

  • integrate across modalities
  • mature at 7 years of age
  • upper cortical layers
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6
Q

Luria’s Cortical Zones

Anterior

A

PRIMARY

  • Execution of Movement
  • Motor Cortex

SECONDARY

  • Organisation of Movement
  • Premotor Cortex

TERTIARY

  • Prefrontal Cortex
  • Planning goal-directed activities
  • intent and behaviour
  • self monitoring and regulation
  • alertness
  • mature @ adolescence
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7
Q

Emotion

A

Inferred behaivoural state
Core: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, (surprise)

We experience emotion in response to physiological changes (smiling makes us happy)

Limbic System:
Hippocampus, Cingulate, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Septum, Nucleus Accumbens, Orbitofrontal Cortex

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8
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

Highly connected to limbic areas
Identification & Expression of Emotion
Inhibition
- Emotional (crying at random)
- Cognitive (failure to stop doing a task)
- Social (blurting out things they shouldnt)
Impulsivity (complete tasks fast but make many mistakes)

Supplied by Anterior Cerebral Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery

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9
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

A

“Traditional” executive functions

  • Working memory
  • Response selection
  • Planning and organising
  • Hypothesis generation
  • Flexibility maintaining or shifting set
  • Insight (recognising own difficulties)
  • Moral Judgement

Primarily supplied by Middle Cerebral Artery

Neurophsycological tests target this area, medial and orbitofrontal harder to assess (use clinical history)

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10
Q

Medial Prefrontal Cortex

A 
Emotional
- Apathy 
- Initiative (not mood - initiation of task)
- Indifference
Attribution of emotion to others
Understanding ones own emotions

Supplied by Anterior Cerebral Artery

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11
Q

Executive Dysfunction vs Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

A

Frontal lobe is highly connected, if there is a lesion anywhere in the system you will get executive dysfunction (e.g. from thalamic lesions, cerebellar lesions, etc).

Prefrontal cortex ‘coordinates’ executive function

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12
Q

Executive Dysfunction

Positive vs Negative Symptoms

A 
POSITIVE:
Distractability
Social dis-inhibition
Emotional instability
Perseveration (unable to stop tasks)
Impulsivity
Hypergraphia

NEGATIVE:
Lack of concern
Restricted emotion
Deficient Empathy
Failure to complete tasks
Lack of initiation
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13
Q

Neuropsychological Tests

  • Tower of London
  • Stroop
  • Rey Complex
A

Tower of London: test planning, impulsivity, learning from mistakes

Stroop: test inhibition

Rey Complex: Test planning, visiospatial

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14
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

An increased response to a normally painful stimulus

e.g. sunburn & hot water

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15
Q

Allodynia

A

A painful response to a normally innocuous stimulus

e.g. sunburn & touching with cotton wool

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16
Q

Aphasia

A

Disturbance in language

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17
Q

Dysarthria

A

Motor speech disorder

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18
Q

Non-fluent Aphasia

A 
Broca's aphasia
Intact selection of content
Loss of sentence structure
Anterior lesion
Preserved Comprehension
Right face / arm weakness
19
Q

Fluent Aphasia

A 
Wernicke's aphasia
Impaired selection of content
Intact sentence structure
Posterior lesion
May use made up words (consistently)
Impaired comprehension
20
Q

Generalized Anxiety

A

Dread over something unlikely to happen (different from fear)
Excessive worry occuring more days than not for at least 6 months
Fatigue/Sleep difficulty
Work/School impairment
Not attributable to substance abuse or other disorder

21
Q

SPIKES protocol

A 
SETTING UP the interview
assessing patients PERCEPTION
obtaining patients INVITATION
giving KNOWLEDGE and information
address patients EMOTION
STRATEGY for treatment
22
Q

WHO guidelines relating to capacity

A
  1. must be an organ level abnormality
  2. abnormality must cause cognitive impairment
  3. impairment must lead to disability in decision making
23
Q

Retrograde & Anterograde Amnesia

A

Retrograde: prior to the time of the event
Anterograde: can’t make new memories from the event onwards

24
Q

Short & Long term memory

A

Short: Working memory, i.e. ability to repeat numbers backwards
Insertion of AMPA receptors, phosphorylation, enhanced presynaptic release via retrograde signalling

Long: List learning retrieval
Protein synthesis, structural changes (new synapses)

25
Left Hippocampus vs Right Hippocampus memory
LEFT HIPPOCAMPUS: - verbal memory - list learning - paired associate learning ('chair, grass') - story recall RIGHT HIPPOCAMPUS: - visuospatial associations (disorientated in environment) - face recall (ask to recall drawings later on)
26
Causes of memory impairment
Degenerative disorders - Alzheimer's Disease - Chronic Alcoholism Cerebrovascular disorders - Bilateral thalamic infarction - Cardiogenic cerebral anoxia Paroxysmal/transient disorders - Transient global ischaemia (idiopathic, sudden) - Temporal lobe epilepsy (hippocampal CA1 sclerosis) - Post-traumatic amnesia (severity related to trauma) Surgical resection
27
Structures associated with memory
``` Anterior Thalamus Basal Forebrain Mesial Temporal Region Mammillary Bodies Retrosplenial Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala - emotional response (pavlov's dog) (entorhinal & parahippocampal cortex) Striatum - skills & habits ```
28
Major Depression (DSM5)
5 of more symptoms present for same 2 week period - depressed mood - diminished interest in activities - weight loss / appetite - insomnia / hypersomnia - psychomotor agitation - fatigue - feelings of worthlessness - diminished concentration - recurrent thoughts of death
29
Development Stages Tasks Trajectories
Stages: - each life stage has a challenge and results in positive/negative growth (trust vs mistrust) - linear and simplistic Tasks: - each life stage is associated with 'tasks' which must be completed (marriage) - not normative for current sociocultural changes Trajectories: - sum of forces propelling us in a direction - turning points disrupt trajectory (abuse, education, environment) - risk factors vs protective factors in transactional model
30
Resilience
Positive adaptation in the context of adversity (thriving vs succumbing) Assimilation (adjust the environment) Accommodation (adjust self and attitudes)
31
Multifinality vs Equifinality
Multifinality: one risk factor associated with a number of different outcomes (e.g. disrupted early attachment may lead to anxiety, antisocial behaviour, personality disorders) Equifinality: multiple possible risk factors leading to the same outcome (e.g. depression)
32
Environmental vs Compensatory strategies for rehabilitation
Environmental - useful for those who have reduced insight, self monitoring, significant executive defects - declutter, reduce stimulation, set routines Compensatory - use of mnemonics (internal strategy) - use of cues, aids, diaries, smartphones/apps (external strategy)
33
DAT vs bvFTD * Dementia of Alzheimer's Type * behavioural variant FrontoTemporal Dementai
DAT shows early cognitive changes (memory) however behaviour and personality are preserved. bvFTD is opposite.
34
DAT vs VCI *Vascular Cognitive Impairment
VCI show preserved memory and more prominant deficits in psychomotor speed, attention, executive function.
35
Dementia of Alzheimer's Type
Gradual, insidious onset increase with age progressive decline ``` memory impairment visuospatial impairment language impairment impaired attention and executive function apraxia aggitation wandering/disorientation failure to recognise others sleep disturbance ```
36
Behavioural Variant Frontotemporal Dementia
``` Gradual onset mutism) reduced speech depression anxiety personality changes dietary changes obsessive behaviour ```
37
Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Gradual onset stepwise decline ``` Diffuse cognitive impairment cognitive slowing reduced attention psychomotor retardation irritability apathy withdrawal variant with location of lesion ```
38
Cognitive Development and Piaget's Stages
SENSORIMOTOR (0 - 2 yo) * learning about the world through SENSORY EXPLORATION * Failure to grasp: object permanence PREOPERATIONAL (2 - 7 yo) * Representing the world through LANGUAGE, symbols, internal representations * Failure to grasp: glasses filled with liquids CONCRETE OPERATIONAL (7 to 12 yo) * LOGICAL reasoning about concrete events/ideas/stimuli * Failure to grasp: A->B, B->C, therefore A->C ``` FORMAL OPERATIONAL (12yo +) * ABSTRAT and HYPOTHETICAL thinkiing ```
39
Communication Strategies for Children
* use unambiguous language * check understanding * reduce threat-related language ('get the medicine in') * use honesty while promoting coping ('bravery') * provide choices ('left vs right arm') * use visual aids & props
40
Age definitions of: Adolescents Youth Young People Early Middle Late "Emerging Adulthood" Aging
Adolescents: 10-19 Youth: 15-24 Young People: 10-24 Early: 10-14 Middle: 14-16 Late: 17+ "Emerging Adulthood" 18-25 Aging >65
41
Five Factor Model of Personality
NEUROTICISM decreases across adulthood OPENNESS to new experiences declines (risk averse) AGREEABLENESS increases CONSCIENTIOUSNESS increases (sticking to tasks) EXTRAVERSION stable
42
Menopause
12 months of amenorrhea Hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, vasomotor symptoms "empty nest" feelings Increased risk of illness majority of women do not develop depression (symptoms are of perimenopause)
43
Ageing | including 3 models
40+ year long life stage Tends to be viewed as a time of loss and decline Leading cause of YLD (dementia, hearing loss, stroke) 64% rate their health as good Working memory decline slowing of cognition and decline of intellectual skills personality remains relatively stable MODELS: Lifespan maturation - career consolidation, keeper of meaning, concern for legacy -> lead to integrity Selective Optimisation and Compensation - making the best of capacities, compensate for limitations Successful Ageing - low disease, high cognition, active engagement with life

MD1 (11 decks)

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