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1
Q

What types of joints are found between the ossicles?

A

Synovial

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2
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

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3
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the oval window?

A

Stapes

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4
Q

Name two muscles related to the ossicles

A

Tensor Tympani and Stapes

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5
Q

Tensor Tympani function

A

Dampen Loud Sounds

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6
Q

Name two areas with which the cavity of the middle ear communicates:

A

Mastoid Antrum

Nasopharynx

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7
Q

Within which part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?

A

Petrous Part

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8
Q

The inner ear consists of a series of bone lined chambers called the

A

Bony Lbaryinth

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9
Q

Inside the bony labyrinth lies a series of membranous chambers called the

A

Membranous Labryinthe

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10
Q

What is the fluid that lies within the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

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11
Q

What is the fluid that lies within the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

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12
Q

What is the function of the cochlea and the semicircular canals?

A

Changes sound waves into nerve signals and semicircular canals sense balance and posture to assist in equilibrium.

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13
Q

Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

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14
Q

whilst in the mid ear the facial nerve gives off

A

Chorda Tympani

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15
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics from these jugular lymph trunks drain into:
on the right side?

A

Thoracic Duct

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16
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics from these jugular lymph trunks drain into:
on the left side

A

right lymphatic duct

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17
Q

Parotid nodes drain lymph from

A

Scalp around parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids, and middle ear.

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18
Q

Buccal nodes drain lymph from

A

Cheek region

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19
Q

Submental lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

Anterior tongue tip, central part of the floor of the mouth and chin

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20
Q

Submandibular lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

Front of scalp, nose, lips, air sinuses – ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary; teeth, gums, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth; and efferent lymphatics from submental nodes

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21
Q

mastoid lymph nodes rain lymph from

A

Middle region of scalp and external auditory meatus

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22
Q

occipital lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

Back of the scalp

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23
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes are found where

A

along external jug vein

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24
Q

Retropharyngreal lymph nodes found where

A

between pharynx and vertebral bodies

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25
Q

laryngeal lymph nodes found where

A

cricothyroid lig

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26
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

From parotid nodes, and the angle of the mandible, structures that lie at the junction between the neck, the face and the scalp

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27
Q

Retropharyngeal lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

nasopharynx, auditory tube, and the upper cervical vertebral column

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28
Q

Tracheal lymph nodes drain lymph from

A

Trachea and Thyroid Gland

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29
Q

Which bone forms the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Sphenoid

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30
Q

Where can cribriform plate of ethmoid and Crista Galli be found - where fossa

A

anterior

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31
Q

Which bone forms the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid

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32
Q

Which bone forms the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

occipital

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33
Q

Which bone forms the anterior and which the posterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Anterior: Sphenoid Bone Posterior Squamous Part of Occipital

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34
Q

What structures pass through the small foramina of the skull?(foramen ovale)

A

Mandibular Nerve, Accessory Meningeal Artery, Emissary Vein, Lesser Petrosal Nerve

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35
Q

Which foramen in anterior cranial fossa and which structures through

A

Cribriform plate

Olfactory Nerve

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36
Q

Which Forman in middle cranial fossa and which structures through

A

Optic
- Optic nerve and Ophthalmic Artery

Sup Orbital Fissure

  • Occulomotor Nerve and Trochlear Nerve
  • V1 Opthalmic
  • Abducens Nerve
  • Ophthalmic Nerve

Foramen Rotundum
- Maxillary V2 of Trigem

Foramen Ovale
- Mandibular V3 of Trigem

Foramen Spinosum

  • Mid meningeal artery
  • mid meningeal vein
  • meningeal branch V3

Foramen Lacerum
- greater petrosal nerve

Carotid canal
- internal carotid artery

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37
Q

Which foramen in posterior cranial fossa and which structures

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus

  • Facial nerve
  • Vestibulochlear Nerve
  • Labryinthe Artery

Jugular Foramen
- Glossopharyngeal Nerve, Vagus Nerve, Spinal Accessory Nerve, Internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus and meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries.

Hypoglossal Foramen
- Hypoglossal Nerve

Foramen Magnum
- Medulla of brain, meninges, vertebral arteries, spinal accessory nerve (ascending), dural veins and ant + pos spinal arteries.

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38
Q

Identify a groove that begins just lateral to the foramen spinosum. What artery and its branches makes this groove?

A

Mid Meningeal artery

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39
Q

On this skull identify grooves that run laterally on both sides starting from the internal occipital protuberance.
These grooves are for the intracranial venous sinus called the

A

Transverse Sinus

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40
Q

Into which foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?

A

Jugular Foramen

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41
Q

Which major vein emerges into the neck from this foramen? - jugular foramen

A

Jug Vein

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42
Q

Sella Turcica is deep depression in which fossa and houses what

A

Middle Cranial FOssa

Pituitary Gland

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43
Q

In the body of which cranial bone is the sella turcica found?

A

Sphenoid Bone

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44
Q

Identify the anterior and posterior clinoid processes on either side of the sella turcica, which give attachment to a fold of dura mater, t what?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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45
Q

On either side of the sella turcica is a groove for the

A

Cavernous Venous SInus

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46
Q

Which foramen lies immediately anterior to the groove for the cavernous sinus?

A

Orbital Fissure

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47
Q

On the internal surface of the skull cap here identify the groove in the midline made by the

A

Sup Sagittal Sinus

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48
Q

Identify and label the pterygoid plates and the pterygoid hamulus.
Which bone are they a part of?

A

Sphenoid Bone

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49
Q

What type of ossification occurs in:

flat bones of the vault of the skull?

A

Intramembranous

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50
Q

What type of ossification occurs in:irregular bones of the base of the skull?

A

endochondral

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51
Q

When do posterior fontanelles fuse

A

2-3 months

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52
Q

Trachea begins from

A

C6

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53
Q

Cornea epithelium

A

Strat Squamous Non Keratinised

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54
Q

Name of cornea membrane

A

Bowman’s Membrane

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55
Q

Any blood vessels in cornea

A

No

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56
Q

Descemet’s layer is found where

A

Cornea

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57
Q

How many layers of endothelium in cornea

A

1

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58
Q

Where is maximum visual acuity in retina

A

Fovea Centralis

59
Q

Layer 1 of Tear film is

A

Mucinous 30%

60
Q

Layer 2 of Tear Film is

A

Aqueous 69%

61
Q

Layer 3 of Tear Film is

62
Q

The anterior tonsils pillar is formed by the

A

palatoglossus muscle

63
Q

posterior tonsils pillar is formed by

A

palatopharyngeus muscle

64
Q

The tooth has three layers

A

Outer Enamel
Middle Dentine
Innermost pulp

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT a border of the anterior triangle?

Select one:

a. sagittal line down the midline of the neck
b. Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
c. Lower border of the mandible
d. anterior border of the sternothyroid muscle

A

anterior border of the sternothyroid muscle

66
Q

Which of the following form the FLOOR of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Select one:
a. Pretracheal fascia
b. Investing layer of deep cervical fascia
c. Prevertebral fascia
d. Carotid sheath

A

prevertebral fascia

67
Q 
Which of the following is surrounded by the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Select one:
a. Sternothyroid
b. Sternocleidomastoid
c. Latissimus dorsi
d. Platysma
68
Q 
Which important vascular structure bifurcates within the carotid triangle?
Select one:
a. Facial artery
b. External Carotid artery
c. Common Carotid artery 
d. Internal Jugular Vein
e. Subclavian artery
69
Q 
Which potential space in the neck could allow for the tracking of pus into the posterior mediastinum?
Select one:
a. Retropharyngeal 
b. Visceral
c. Parapharyngeal
d. Submandibular
A

Retropharyngeal

70
Q

The isthmus of the thyroid gland is related which of the following structures?

Select one:

a. Tracheal cartilaginous rings
b. Cricoid cartilage
c. Hypoid bone
d. Thyroid cartilage

A

Tracheal cartilaginous rings

71
Q 
Which of the following nerves traverse the posterior triangle?
Select one:
a. Hypoglossal nerves
b. Glossopharyngeal nerve
c. Vagus nerve
d. Accessory nerve
A

Accessory Nerve

72
Q

During an elective thyroidectomy surgery, the superior thyroid artery is ligated. Which nerve runs close to this artery?

Select one:
a. Glossopharyngeal nerve
b. External Laryngeal nerve 
c. Internal laryngeal nerve
d. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Feedback
A

External Laryngeal nerve

73
Q 
Which of these is an infrahyoid muscle?
Select one:
a. Geniohyoid
b. Myelohyoid
c. Stylohyoid
d. Sternohyoid 
e. Digastric
A

Sternohyoid

74
Q 
What is the collective action of the suprayhyoid muscles?
Select one:
a. Depression of the hyoiid bones
b. Elevation of the hyoid bone 
c. Rotation of the hyoid bone
A

elevation of hyoid

75
Q 
Name the suture that separates the frontal from the parietal bone.
Select one:
a. Coronal 
b. Lambdoid
c. Sagittal
d. Metopic
76
Q

The ear ossicles are found inside which of these?
Select one:
a. Mastoid part of the temporal bone
b. Petrous part of the temporal bone
c. The squamous part of the temporal bone

A

b. Petrous part of the temporal bone

77
Q 
The loose connective tissue layer is considered the danger area of the scalp because pus from this layer can track intracranially. Which veins are responsible for this?
Select one:
a. Internal Jugular vein
b. Emissary veins 
c. Intracranial venous sinuses
d. Retromandibular veins
e. Collateral veins
Feedback
A

emissary veins

78
Q 
Which of the following is NOT found within the parotid salivary gland?
Select one:
a. Facial nerve
b. Superficial temporal artery
c. Maxillary artery
d. Facial artery 
e. External Carotid artery
A

facial artery

79
Q 
From which artery does the facial artery arise?
Select one:
a. External Carotid artery 
b. Superficial temporal artery
c. Common Carotid artery
d. Internal Carotid artery
e. Maxillary artery
80
Q 
At what vertebral level does the larynx continue as the trachea?
Select one:
a. C6 
b. C7
c. C5
d. C4
81
Q

The TMJ is a modified hinge joint with an articular cartilage disc within the joint. What type of cartilage is this disc formed from?

Select one:

a. Elastic cartilage
b. Fibroelastic cartilage
c. Fibrocartilage
d. Hylaine cartilage

A

Fibrocartilage

82
Q

Which muscle causes protraction of the jaw?

Select one:

a. Medial Pterygpoid
b. Temporalis
c. Lateral pterygoid
d. Digastric
e. Masseter

A

Lateral Ptergoid

83
Q

Sclera is what

A

opaque posterior 5/6 which gives attachment to muscles moving eyeball

84
Q

Cornea is what

A

anterior 1/6 which is transparent

85
Q

Ciliary body function

A

Suspends lens and produces aqueous humour

86
Q

Iris function

A

Controls diameter of pupil/amount of light rays entering eyeball

87
Q

Choroid Function

A

Supplies blood to outer retina

88
Q

Retina function

A

has light sensitive rods and cones

89
Q

aqueous humour is found

A

anterior segment of eye

90
Q

vitreous humour is found

A

posterior segment of eye

91
Q

what is the crystalline lens

A

transparent, crystalline biconvex structure suspended by zones from ciliary body. It can change shape

92
Q

The ciliary body and suspensory ligaments in eye are present in lens

A

360 degrees

93
Q

Aqueous Humour helps maintain

A

intraocular pressure

94
Q

Vitreous humour helps cushion

A

cushion retina

95
Q

Where is posterior chamber of eye

A

Behind iris but in front of lens

96
Q

AP Length of Eyeball

97
Q

AP Length of orbit

98
Q

Conjunctiva does not cover

99
Q

The lacrimal gland of eye is situated in orbit

100
Q

Lacrimal gland nerve supply

A

parasympathetic from facial

101
Q

Lacrimal gland ducts open into

A

Conjunctival sac

102
Q

After draining into lacrimal sac where does tears drain into

A

Nasolacrimal duct on inferior meatus of nose

103
Q

Intrinsic muscles of eye do what

A

control diameter and helps alter lens curvature

104
Q

extrinsic muscles of eye do what

105
Q

Name the intrinsic eye muscles

A

Ciliaris and Constrictor Pupillae by Parasymp

Dilator papillae by Sympathetic

106
Q

Name the 6 extrinsic ocular muscles

A

Medial, Lat, Inferior and Superior rectus

Sup and Inferior Oblique

107
Q

Recti muscles of eye arise from

A

Apex f orbit from annualar fibrous ring

108
Q

The superior oblique muscles of eye arises from

A

roof of orbit posteriorly

109
Q

the inferior oblique muscles of eye arises from

A

floor of orbit anteriorly

110
Q

Superior oblique muscle of eye origin and insertion

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid

sclera pos

111
Q

Inferior oblique muscle of eye origin and insertion

A

medial orbit floor

s
clear posterior

112
Q

Levator Palapebrae Superioris insertion

A

Upper Eyelid

113
Q

Recti Eye muscles insertion

A

Sclera anteriorly

114
Q

Trochlear nerve supplies which eye muscles

A

Superior oblique

115
Q

abducen nerve supplies which eye muscles

A

Lateral rectus

116
Q

Occulomotor nerve synapses where

A

ciliary ganglion in orbit

117
Q

what is largest branch of ophthalmic nerve

A

frontal branch

118
Q

what is smallest branch of ophthalmic nerve

A

lacrimal division

119
Q

The opthalmic artery is a large branch of the

120
Q

The central retinal artery supplies

A

inner retina

121
Q

short posterior ciliary arteries supply

A

posterior chorid and outer retina

122
Q

Long posterior ciliary ratios supply

A

Ant Choroid Ciliary Body and Iris

123
Q

The superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain into

A

Cavernous Sinus

124
Q

When the eye is adducted what does obliques do

A

elevate/depress

125
Q

when the eye is abducted what do recti do

A

elevate/depress

126
Q

what is estotropia

A

manifest convergent squint

127
Q

what is exotropia

A

manifest divergent squint

128
Q

what happens with increased illumination to eyes

A

parasympathetic > both pupils constrict

129
Q

what happens with decreased illumination to eyes

A

sympathetic = pupils dilate

130
Q

where is constrictor papillae found

A

iris at pupillary border

131
Q

ciliaris and constrictor papillae are innervated by

A

parasympathetic

132
Q

dilator pupillae is innervated by

A

sympathetic

133
Q

What is Amblyopia

134
Q

Action of medial rectus of eye

135
Q

action of lateral rectus of eye

136
Q

action of superior rectus of eye

A

elevation, adduction, intrusion

137
Q

action of inferior rectus of eye

A

depression, adduction, extorsion

138
Q

action of superior oblique of eye

A

intorsion, depression, abduction

139
Q

action of inferior oblique of eye

A

extorsion, elevation, abduction

140
Q

What is intorsion of eye

A

top of eyeball rotates towards nose

141
Q

what is extrusion of eye

A

top of eyeball rotates away from nose

142
Q

What forms lens in eye

143
Q

optic vesicles grow outwards from what towards surface ectoderm

A

diencephalic part of neural tube

144
Q

The eye develops from the

A

neural tube

Head and Neck Anatomy (9 decks)

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