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Question 1

Where do the following cell remnants that can turn into odontogenic cysts originate from?
1) Rests of Serres
2) Rests of Malassez
3) Reduced enamel epithelium

Answer 1

1) Rests of Serres: dental lamina, found in gingiva and surrounding bone
2) Rests of Malassez: hertwigs epithelial root sheath (HERS), found in PDL after root formation
3) Reduced enamel epithelium: remaining epithelial layer on the crown of a tooth after enamel formation is complete (think dentigerous cyst) so is found on surface of tooth crown

Question 2

Describe RANK/RANKL/OPG interactions

Answer 2

Role of RANKL/RANK/OPG axis on bone homeostasis and immune system. RANKL is secreted by osteoblasts and osteocytes when stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and/or prostaglandin 2 (PGE2). RANKL binds to RANK on the membrane of osteoclast progenitors (preosteoclasts), which results in bone resorption by mature osteoclasts. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) binds to RANKL, thus inhibiting RANK signaling and bone resorption. RANK/RANKL also plays a role in immune cell regulation and the crosstalk between both systems (termed osteoimmunology). T cells can also express RANKL, which can both act on preosteoclasts, but can also act on dendritic cells (DCs) to promote their survival and to prolong T–DC interactions. DCs can exhibit modulating effects on RANK-mediated osteoclastogenesis through the secretion of OPG.

Question 3

Describe differences between osteoinduction vs conduction vs genesis

Answer 3

Osteoconduction – sCaffold
i.e. bioglass

Osteoinduction – bone INDUCING CELLS Increase cells to site
i.e. osteoallograft and autogenou

Osteogenesis – has bone GENERATING/precursor cells
i.e. only autogenous?

Autogenous bone – ALL 3
Cortical autograft – few cells survive and not “appreciable osteogenic”

Question 4

What are the sinuses in dogs and cats? What sinus does a cat have that dog does not?

Answer 4

Maxillary and frontal sinus; cat also has a sphenoid sinus

Question 5

What are the nasal meatuses in the dog?

Answer 5

Dorsal, middle, ventral, and common

Question 6

Review facial nerve

Answer 6

Question 7

Review trigeminal nerve

Answer 7

Question 8

Review cranial nerve exit from skull

Answer 8

Question 9

Review cranial nerve foramens

Answer 9