Raine

Question 1

Brain scan used in Raine’s study

Answer 1

PET

Question 2

Gender split of P’s in experimental group

Answer 2

39 male 2 female

Question 3

Mean age of experimental group

Answer 3

34.3

Question 4

Type of experiment used by Raine

Answer 4

Quasi

Question 5

IV of Raine’s study

Answer 5

Whether P is NGRI murderer or control

Question 6

DV of Raine’s study

Answer 6

Glucose metabolism in brain areas

Question 7

Mean age of control group

Answer 7

31.7

Question 8

How many P’s in each group were schizophrenic?

Answer 8

6 NGRI and 6 controls

Question 9

What university had the experimental group been referred to?

Answer 9

University of California

Question 10

What is the name of the radiotracer the P’s were injected with?

Answer 10

Fluorodeoxyglucose

Question 11

What task did the P’s complete before their scan?

Answer 11

Continuous performance task (CPT)

Question 12

How long before the injection were the P’s allowed to practice the CPT?

Answer 12

10 minutes

Question 12

How long before the injection did they START the task?

Answer 12

30 seconds

Question 13

In which brain area was glucose metabolism HIGHER in NGRI compared to controls?

Answer 13

Occipital

Question 14

In which brain area was glucose metabolism LOWER in NGRI compared to controls?

Answer 14

Prefrontal, parietal, corpus callosum

Question 15

In which brain areas did they find no difference in glucose metabolism in NGRI and controls?

Answer 15

Temporal, cingulate, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, midbrain and cerebellum

Question 16

In which brain areas did they find hemispheric asymmetry in NGRI compared to controls?

Answer 16

Amygdala, Medial temporal lobe (including hippocampus), thalamus

Question 17

What did Raine find regarding CPT performance of NGRI vs controls?

Answer 17

Both groups performed similarly on CPT

Question 18

What did Raine find regarding handedness, head injury and ethnicity?

Answer 18

Handedness- left-handed NGRI showed higher medial frontal activity compared to right-handed NGRI and less amygdala asymmetry
Ethnicity - no difference in white vs non-white murderers
Head injury - No differences in NGRI with head injuries compared to those without head injury

Question 19

Conclusions of Raine

Answer 19

• The findings of the study CANNOT be taken to demonstrate that violence is determined by biology
• Other factors (social, psychological, cultural and situational) play a role in predisposing violence
• The findings do not demonstrate that those pleading NGRI are not responsible for their actions, or that PET scans can be used as a diagnostic technique
• The findings do not establish a causal link between brain dysfunction and violence and the findings cannot be generalised to other types of offender