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Railway Vehicle Technology Flashcards

1
Q

Vehicle Mass per seat

Examples for passenger transport

A 
Air    250kg/seat
Car.  300
Bus.  250
Local train.  500-600
Regional train 600-800
High speed train (Japan). 500-600
High speed train (eu) 900-1200
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2
Q

6 reasons why rail vehicles are often heavy

A 
High passenger safety
High operational safety
Long life
Good comfort
Standardized components
Long tradition
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3
Q

6 consequences of higher vehicle mass

A 
More track damage
More wheel and brake damage
More maintenance of wheels and brakes
Poorer acceleration and Retardation 
Alternatively upgrading of traction and braking systems
Increased energy usage
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4
Q

4 reasons why rail vehicle can’t be much lighter

A

Powered wheelsets may slip excessively
Light vehicles might overturn in strong crosswinds
Very light vehicles might derail at high longitudinal forces between vehicles
Very light vehicles might not short-circuit the tracks signaling system

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5
Q

Mass dependence of energy usage

A

RB, G, Acc, R

Metro. 80%
Regional 43%
High speed 19%

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6
Q

Cost comparison:
Mass car x2
Mass train /2

A

Car +5€/100pkm

Train -0.65€/100pkm

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7
Q

Adhesion utilization

A

α = Fα / mα g

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8
Q

Probability of 0.22 available adhesion

A

0.03

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9
Q

why is utilized adhesion always lower than wheel rail friction?

A
  • utilized adhesion cannot be lower than available adhesion
  • lateral forces and motions “consume” part of the friction
  • track irregularities prevent vertical force from being constant
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10
Q

Examples of available adhesion levels in practice

A 
Traction:
V<50.    0.25
V>50.    0.2
At higher speeds.  0.1-0.2
At leaf fall.       0.03-0.05

Braking (safety related)
V< 200. 0.1-0.15
V>200. 0.05-0.1
At lead fall. 0.03-0.05

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11
Q

Phenomena to be considered for vehicle gauging

A 
Curving behavior
vehicle movements:
-lat displ wheelset/track
-lat displ 1. 2. suspesion
-lat displ sway/tilt
-vert displ wheelset/track
-vert displ 1. 2. suspensioin
-vert displ sway/tilt
-displacement due to asymmetry
-space for track irregularities (3D)
-margins for others (wind, future changes, uncertanties)
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12
Q

Formula for equivalent mass

A

me = m+Je/r²

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13
Q

definition structure gauge or obstacle gauge

A

the space to be kept free of fixed installations

sizing is based on a standardised reference vehicle

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14
Q

definition loading gauge or construction gauge

A

loading gauge defines the cross section of the reference vehicle
construction gauge, when loading gauge restricted by vehicle itself

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15
Q

Formula for curving overthrow

A

Δi: a²+a_p²/8R
a bogie distance
a_p wheelset distance

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16
Q

Curve widening of structure gauge

EU vs SE

A

SE very high

Eu very low

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17
Q

Running resistance

A

Dm mechanical
Dc additional in curves
Da aerodynamic drag
Ds gradient resistance

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18
Q

Davis equation

A

Dm Da = A Bv Cv^2

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19
Q

Aerodynamic drag

A

ρ/2 A Cd v^2 +

(q +Co Lt) v

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20
Q

Gradient resistance

A

m g G

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21
Q

Static gauge

A

Implies that the vehicle has low sway flexibility/stiff suspension

Only considers pure lateral and vertical maximum displacements of suspension

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22
Q

Kinematic reference gauge

A

Includes most vehicle movements- excluding movements that are different on different railway networks (variations in cant deficiency)

Used in interoperable European vehicles
UIC 505

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23
Q

Dynamic envelope

A

All tolerances and movements, defined just inside the limit structure gauge

Well defined division between vehicle and infrastructure

24
Q

Comparative gauging

A

If gauge generally undefined

Comparator vehicle with proven history is used

25
Stiff-soft wheelset steering
Stiff: good on straight Curves: High lateral track forces, high running resistance, large wear on wheel and track Soft, good on curve Risk for hunting on straight
26
Weight difference empty loaded examples
El loco. +1% Coaches long distance 20 Coaches suburban 70 Freight 500
27
Rubber springs
Pro: different geometries Built in damping Low weight small volume Inexpensive Con: high dynamic stiffness Stiffness increase at low temperature Crew page in springs over long term
28
Air springs
``` Pro: isolates noise/vibes Little vertical space Automatic floor leveling Low stiffness for large volume Stiffness increases with more load ``` Con: complicated Expensive Orifice damping can result in too high stiffness
29
Coil springs
Pro: Little lateral space Easy to get desired stiffness Cons: large vertical space Large height difference for load variations Horizontal displacement limited No damping
30
Kinds of dampers
Hydraulic Friction Orifice
31
Connection to bogie car body
Directly suspended Plate Traction rod
32
Jacobs bogies
Pro: less bogies Reduced weight, a drag, energy Lower floor level Wider/comfortabler gangways Con: high axle load Shorter car bodies Difficult to uncouple
33
Sl Subway semi trailer
Pros and cons similar to jacobsbogies
34
Inboard bearing bogie
Reduced: weight Umsprung mass Space required Life cycle cost
35
Running gear with independent rotating wheels
Pro: Low floor level No hunting motion Good in R<150m Con: no self steering Higher flange climbing risk Difficult to drive wheels evenly
36
Acceleration distance
V^2/2a
37
Weight difference empty loaded examples
El loco. +1% Coaches long distance 20 Coaches suburban 70 Freight 500
38
Rubber springs
Pro: different geometries Built in damping Low weight small volume Inexpensive Con: high dynamic stiffness Stiffness increase at low temperature Crew page in springs over long term
39
Air springs
``` Pro: isolates noise/vibes Little vertical space Automatic floor leveling Low stiffness for large volume Stiffness increases with more load ``` Con: complicated Expensive Orifice damping can result in too high stiffness
40
Coil springs
Pro: Little lateral space Easy to get desired stiffness Cons: large vertical space Large height difference for load variations Horizontal displacement limited No damping
41
Kinds of dampers
Hydraulic Friction Orifice
42
Connection to bogie car body
Directly suspended Plate Traction rod
43
Jacobs bogies
Pro: less bogies Reduced weight, a drag, energy Lower floor level Wider/comfortabler gangways Con: high axle load Shorter car bodies Difficult to uncouple
44
Sl Subway semi trailer
Pros and cons similar to jacobsbogies
45
Inboard bearing bogie
Reduced: weight Umsprung mass Space required Life cycle cost
46
Running gear with independent rotating wheels
Pro: Low floor level No hunting motion Good in R<150m Con: no self steering Higher flange climbing risk Difficult to drive wheels evenly
47
Acceleration distance
V^2/2a
48
Block braking
Pro: simple, cheap, light Cleans wheel tread Con: energy dissipated by wheels Tread wear Noise
49
Disc brakes
Pro: thermal energy in deprecate discs Speed independent Long life, low noise, no wheel wear Con: expensive, heavy, +unsprung mass Special axles
50
Magnet rail braking
Pro: weight independent Cleans rails Con: expensive, heavy Needs el power Bad at high speed Wear
51
Double deck
Pro: 30-40% more seats 10-20% lower cost Suitable for uic ``` Con: level differences High center of gravity Side wind sensitivity Narrow profile on top level Low ceiling height ```
52
Extra wide trains
Pro: 25-35% more seats 15-20% lower costs Tilting possible Con: not suitable for uic Middle seat not popular
53
Passenger flow
Lane: 1: 75-90cm, 20-30p/min 1. 5: 120-130, 30-45 2: 140-160, 40-60
54
Local vs long distance
Local has: Double capacity per wagon Halv the stopping time Needs 4-6 lanes instead 1-2
55
Name of safety related place at each end of a train
Survival space
56
Car body materials
Carbon steel Stainless steel Aluminium Composites and sandwich structures
57
Car body definition
Load carrying structure Outer equipment Interior and comfort systems

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