Radiology Of The MSK System Flashcards
Plain radiography / X-ray
How it works
A radiograph is a projectional image generated by passage of X-rays through an object. (In a medical radiograph, the object is the patient).
The image is generated on a detector plate called an X-ray detector.
The detector plate is like a photographic film, when X-rays hit the plate, it turns black. The amount of blackness depends on the number of X-rays penetrating the object and hitting the plate.
X-rays only travel in a straight line. No deflection by bones or metalwork. X-rays are absorbed by dense materials (containing a lot of electrons) e.g. bones, metals. They do not hit the plate, which appears white.
X- ray
Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages:
• X-rays are quick
• X-rays are readily available and inexpensive
Disadvantages:
• Involve radiation
• Poor soft tissue contrast resolution
Fractures
A fracture is a complete or incomplete break in the continuity of a bone. In a fracture, the cortex will appear discontinuous on the X-ray
In a transverse fracture, the ‘break’ crosses the bone at a right angle to the long axis of the bone
In a linear (or sagittal plane) fracture, the fracture line passes in parallel to the long axis of the bone.
In an oblique fracture, the fracture line is at an oblique angle to the long axis of the bone. However, the fracture is still confined to one plane.
A spiral fracture is easily confused with an oblique fracture on an X-ray but in a spiral fracture, the fracture line spirals round in multiple planes.
Compression fractures occur in cancellous bone when an axial load compresses the bone beyond its limit. They most commonly occur in the lumbar vertebrae. It can be difficult to see the fracture line in a compression fracture
Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures in which the bone bends and cracks instead of breaking into separate pieces. The cortex on just one side of the bone fractures. Most greenstick fractures occur in children younger than 10 years of age because their bones are softer and more flexible than are the bones of adults
Epiphyseal separation fractures occur when the fracture line extends through an unfused growth plate, thereby separating the epiphysis from the metaphysis. An example is a slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE; also known as slipped upper
Radiographic changes seen during childhood
At birth, long bones contain separate ossification centres in the epiphyses and the diaphysis (shaft).
The ossification centre in the diaphysis is referred to as the primary ossification centre, and the ossification centres in the epiphyses are secondary ossification centres.
These ossification centres are separated by growing zones called growth plates (epiphyseal plates)
As these are less mineralised than the surrounding bone, they are less radio-opaque and can be easily seen on X-ray images as dark lines.
As the child grows, the growth plates become thinner, eventually disappearing and becoming ‘closed’. Many factors influence the proliferation and transformation of cells within the growth plate of long bones. For example, growth hormone promotes cellular proliferation, whereas a deficiency of thyroid hormone or excess corticosteroids both result in a reduction in cell division in the proliferation zone, leading to growth retardation.
The carpal bones (small bones in the wrist) are not ossified at birth and ossify gradually from birth to 12 years of age
A bone age (or skeletal age) study helps estimate the maturity of the child’s musculoskeletal system by looking at the degree of ossification of the carpal bones and the maturation of the growth plates of long bones.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
CT scans - Dis
If a patient moves whilst in the CT scan, ‘motion artefact’ can distort the image making interpretation difficult
there is exposure to a higher radiation dose than with plain X-rays
severely obese patients cannot always be accommodated within the scanner.
Most CT scans are performed with injection of intravenous contrast; some patients can be allergic to this contrast and very rarely, it can cause anaphylaxis.
Interpreting CT scans
Density of body tissues is measured in Hounsfield Units (HU)
Tissue:
<0 HU appears dark (air (-1000), fat (-75), water (0))
0 to +40 HU appears in shades of grey (soft tissue)
>+100 HU appears white (spongy bone (+400), cortical bone (+1000))
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) how does it work?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) does not use radiation but instead uses a strong magnet to generate a magnetic field in which the protons in hydrogen atoms line up. Radiofrequency signal pulses are then applied to the tissue which deflects the protons.
This signal is detected and the data from this is used to create the 3D image.
MRI is used in musculoskeletal medicine to define normal anatomy and to detect pathology e.g. abnormal fluid
MRI is better than CT and X-ray in assessment of the soft tissue.
MRI - T1 weight images and T2 weighted images
On a T1 weighted image, fat appears bright and fluid appears dark.
On a T2 weighted image, both fat and fluid appear bright.
In a STIR sequence (a fluid-sensitive sequence), the signal from fat is supressed and it appears dark, whilst fluid appears bright. - so all the signal is lost except fluid and oedema signal
MRI - Adv vs Dis
Advantages
Ultrasound
Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images. The sound waves are produced by a transducer and travel through the patient. Tissues and tissue planes deflect the waves back to the transducer and are then analysed to create an image.
Different phases of fracture healing
The inflammatory phase (hours to days) - includes stages of haematoma formation, tissue death, and inflammation /cellular proliferation
(in this phase callus has not formed)
The reparative phase (days to weeks) - includes stages of angiogenesis/procallus formation, soft callus formation, hard callus formation/ consolidation
Final phase is the remodelling phase - (months to years) remodelling of the callus so that the fracture line becomes completely obscured (radiographic union)
CT scan, what is it?
Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, uses narrow X-ray beams to produce slices of an object that are then digitally reassembled to generate 2D and 3D images.
CT scans - Adv
Whole body CT can be performed in a short time (few minutes) to look for bone or soft tissue injury
Spinal fractures and other complex fractures like pelvic fractures are seen in great detail, which aids pre-operative planning
It is far better than plain radiography for imaging soft-tissues, and the ability to manipulate the image with computer software allows for the visualisation of many different soft tissue densities within one slice. Also allows for multiple anatomical planes to be gathered
Due to this it can be used in guiding injections, biopsies and identifying subtle fractures. Whole body CT scanning can be performed in just a few minutes to look for bone or soft tissue injuries
