Radiology Block Test Flashcards
fracture which goes at an angle to the axis
oblique
a fracture of many relatively small fragments
comminuted
a fracture which runs around the axis of a bone
spiral
a fracture which breaks the skin
open
greenstick fracture
- common in children
- a fracture accompanied by a sort of bend in the bone
avulsion fracture
fracture caused by pulling from a ligament or tendon
pathologic fracture
fracture in bone that is abnormal due to a tumor or metabolic disorder
fractures that involve a growth plate
Salter-Harris fractures
Salter-Harris, grade I fracture
fracture of just the growth plate
fracture of the metaphysis and growth plate, sparing the epiphysis
Salter-Harris, grade II fracture
Salter-Harris, grade III fracture
fracture through the growth plate and epiphysis, sparing the metaphysis
Salter-Harris, grade IV fracture
fracture through all three elements of bone: metaphysis, growth plate (physis), and epiphysis
compression fracture of the growth plate
Salter-Harris, grade V fracture
most common sites of spinal fractures
C1-C2
C5-C7
T9-L2
Jefferson’s fracture
- burst fracture of the ring of C1
- due to axial loading (diving into pool)
odontoid fracture cause
caused by subluxation of C1 and C2
Hangman’s fracture
- fx of the posterior elements of C2
- hyperextension fracture
- involves subluxation of C2 over C3
Clay shoveler’s fracture
- fx of the spinous processes of C6, C7, T1, or T2
- hyperflexion injury
fracture of the pars interarticularis
spondylolysis
spondylolithesis
fracture of the pars interarticularis with subluxation of the vertebrae
deformity of the humeral head caused by multiple dislocations
hill-sachs deformity
most common fracture of the elbow
radial head fx
nightstick fx
fx of the midpoint of the ulna
fx of the proximal ulna with dislocation of the radial head
Monteggia fx
fx of the distal radius with dislocation of the ulnar head from the wrist
Galeazzi fx
Colles’ fracture
- Most common fx of the wrist
- Fracture of the distal radius with dorsal angulation of the distal fragment (the distal fragment is the entire hand)
- Also includes a fracture of the ulnar styloid
- Mechanism of injury (MOI) is falling on an outstretched hand (FOOSH)
Smith fracture
-fx of the distal radius and ulnar styloid with volar (palmer) angulation of the hand
Torus (buckle) fracture
- compression fracture of the radius
- usually in childre
Most common of the carpal fractures
scaphoid fracture
Boxer’s fracture
- fracture of the 5th metacarpal
- often with angulation towards the palmer surface
Bennett fracture
-fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal
Rolando fracture
-fracture of the base of the 1st metacarpal (like the Bennett fracture), but with more fragments
Gamekeeper’s fracture
- avulsion fracture of the thumb
- MOI: hyperextension of the thumb (like in skiing)
Avulsion fracture of the base of the palmer surface of the middle phalanx
Volar plate fracture
Sign involving increased joint space in the acetabulum
- crescent sign
- seen in avascular necrosis of the femoral head
x-ray view showing the relationship of patella to the anterior femur
Sunrise or Merchant view
x-ray view of the knee that best shows the patella and joint effusions
lateral view with partial flexion
Tunnel view
x-ray view of the knee showing the tibial spines and the femoral condyles
calcification of the articular cartilage
chondrocalcinosis
trimalleolar fracture
fracture of both malleoli with dislocation of the tibia
fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal
Jones’ fracture
stress fx of the 5th metatarsal occurs where?
occurs in the distal portion of the base
fx of the most proximal portion of the base of the 5th metatarsal
Avulsion fx
Lisfranc fx
fx of 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th MT with lateral dislocation
stress fracture of 2nd, 3rd, or 4th MT
March fx
most common benign tumor of the lung
harmartoma
most common type of lung cancer
adenocarcinoma
pericardial effusions must be greater than ______ to see on CXR
250mL
largest complain of pulmonary embolism
chest pain and shortness of breath
Hampton’s Hump
- wedge-shaped pleural infiltrate
- sign of pulmonary embolism
Westermark’s sign
- dilation of the pulmonary arteries proximal to the embolism, and an abrupt collapse of the arteries distal to it
- sign of pulmonary embolism
magnification
objects closer to the Xray beam appear larger
Distortion
occurs when an object is not perpendicular to Xray machine
What are the 5 factors that affect the quality of an image?
- Thickness
- Motion
- Scatter
- Magnification
- Distortion
Fluoroscopy
X- ray tube and fluorescent screen
- this is used for real time motion (heart, diaphragm, abdomen)
- also used for guided placement of objects during procedures
Tomography
XRAY tube and film more synchronously around a focal point. Images are in slices
Which test would you use for lungs, kidney, and bony structures?
Tomography
PET scan
Positron Emission Tomography
What is a PET scan used for?
for increased cellular activity indicating cancer.
