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Anatomy > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Modalities

A

the different imaging technologies

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2
Q

list of modalities

A
  1. Radiography (X-Rays, Flat plate, radiographs, plan films, computed radiography CR, Digital Radiography DR
  2. Fluoroscopy
  3. Nuclear Medicine
  4. Ultrasound
  5. Computed Tomography
  6. MRI
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3
Q

X Rays

A

A form of electromagnetic wave - photons, traveling at the speed of light. They can expose photographic film or cause fluorescence

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4
Q

the shorter the wavelength

A

the greater the energy

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5
Q

x rays can cause

A

ionization - where you strip off an electron and change the molecule

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6
Q

higher the x ray dose

A

the higher the health risk (low doses are environmental/natural)

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7
Q

Electromagnetic wave spectrum

A

Radio MRI RV Micro Radar IR Vis UC X Ray Cosmic Gamma

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8
Q

frequency

A

waves in 1 second

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9
Q

wavelength

A

peak to peak

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10
Q

Radiography

A

X ray tube emits ionization radiation. X rays pass through patient. Rays strike a digital imaging plate. Results image displays 2D shadow.

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11
Q

Can X rays be focused/.

A

No so they have a lead column to keep them in

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12
Q

radio graphic densities ranked from low to high

A
  1. Air (lungs, bowel, gas)
  2. Fat (Adipose)
  3. Water (muscle, liver, etc)
  4. Bone
  5. Metal
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13
Q

Thickness on radiographics

A

matters

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14
Q

Radiographic advantages

A

fast, inexpensive, available everywhere, demonstrates bone and metal very well

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15
Q

Radiography Disadvantages

A

Uses ionizing radiation (RRL for CXR is 1/5), Limited information for soft tissues, artifacts (superimposed shadows, magnification, blurring bc motion)

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16
Q

RRL

A

relative radiation level

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17
Q

what do you call something bright on an x ray image

A

radiopaque or radiodense or high density

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18
Q

what do you call something dark on an x ray image

A

Radiolucent or low density

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19
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

Continuous x rays are passed through the patient onto a fluoroscope. If a radiograph is like a photograph then fluoroscopy is like a movie. The exam is monitored on a video monitor, then recorded on video or still images. It may be portable to guide surgeons. And it often utilizes a contrast agent

20
Q

Fluoroscopy advantages

A

Can see inside of bowel, bladder, heart chambers, thecal sac, etc. Real time visualization, moderate expense, can be used for interventional procedures

21
Q

Fluoroscopy disadvantages

A

Can accumulate significant radiation exposure for patient and personnel (RRL 3/5 or 4/5), Contrast agents can be unpleasant or can cause allergy or nausea,

22
Q

interventional procedures

A

not a particular modality, rather is all of the minimally invasive procedures performed by radiologists (also surgeons, cardiologists, etc) using imaging guidance

23
Q

examples of interventional procesdures

A

Biopsies, Arthrograms, Draining procedures, IV catheter placement, stopping hemorrhage, treating stroke, etc

24
Q

interventional advantages

A

is both diagnostic and therapeutic, it is minimally invasive compared to open surgeries and less expensive (but still a lot of money).

25
Q

Interventional disadvantages

A

Complications, blood product exposure to personnel, radiation (RRL 2/5)

26
Q

Nuclear Medicine

A

A radionucleotide + physiologic analog = radiopharmaceutical, Radiopharmaceutical usually given via IV but may be ingested, infused to the urinary bladder, in the thecal sac, etc. Gamma rays project from radiopharmaceutical, Gamma camera detects these rays and a computer generates digital images

27
Q

NM examples

A

Bone scan, myocardial perfusion imaging/nuclear stress test, HIDA scan, Iodide with uptakes, PET, tag white blood cell, thyroid ablation

28
Q

NM Advantages

A

Excellent at showing the function of organs

29
Q

NM Disadvantages

A

Do not see organ anatomy in great detail, expensive, ionizing radiation (3/5-4/5)

30
Q

synonym for NM

A

Scintigraphy

31
Q

how is revealed anatomy described (NM)

A

as having increased uptake or hot or photon rich

32
Q

how is anatomy not or less revealed described (NM)

A

as decreased uptake, cold, photon poor, photopenic

33
Q

Ultrasound synonym

A

sonography

34
Q

revealed anatomy in US

A

echogenic. If seen more so it is Hyperechoic, if less so then Hypoechoic. If not seen it is Anechoic

35
Q

US Advantages

A

Relatively inexpensive, no ionizing radiation (idea for OBGYN or kids), Real time, give both anatomic and dynamic information, Doppler technique shows blood flow (not other contrasts needed), imaging in any plane

36
Q

US Disadvantages

A

Hard to see deep structures, difficult with obese or immobile patients, cannot see well through bone or air, looks like weather map to untrained eye

37
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

An X ray tube and multiple detectors are revolved/spirals around the patient. The detector plates measure attenuation (loss) of radiation passed through the patient. Digital images are produced and displayed by a computer.

38
Q

CT Lingo

A

bright = High attenuation. Dark = low attenuation

39
Q

CT Advantages

A

Excellent cross sectional anatomy, rapid, widely available, tremendous radiographic density resolution (1500x more than x ray), excellent guidance for interventional procedures, non-invasive vascular imaging (but need IV contrast for this).

40
Q

CT Disadvantages

A

Costly, Cumbersome for the very ill, ionizing radiation (RRL for abdomen is 3/5), Metal or dense bone artifact

41
Q

MRI

A

strong magnetic fields are used to align body protons (H). Radio waves (radiofrequency/RF pules) are transmitted to the protons. The protons absorb the radio wave energy, then change the way they spin. This is detected, processed, and displayed by a computer

42
Q

MRI Lingo

A 
bright = high signal intensity
dark = low signal intensity
43
Q

MRI Advantages

A

Excellent cross sectional anatomy, no ionizing radiation, images directly in any pane, noninvasive vascular imaging, generally available

44
Q

MRI Disadvantages

A

Cost, contraindicated for some patients (pacemakers, defibrillators, claustrophobic, etc), artifact from motion, metal, etc.

45
Q

PACS

A

picture archiving and communication services

46
Q

HIS

A

health information system

47
Q

ways of accessing images and info

A

PACS and HIS

Anatomy (4 decks)

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