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Anatomy > Basic Concepts in Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Concepts in Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Gross anatomy

A

macroscopic - the study of structures of the body visible with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

Histology - the study of tissues aided by magnification

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3
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

the isolated study of one system (muscular, skeletal, or vascular) throughout the entire body

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4
Q

Regional anatomy

A

the study of the interplay of all systems found within a single region of the body.

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5
Q

Primary approach in anatomy course

A

regional anatomy

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6
Q

Anatomical position

A

the same standardized position in which the body is visualized in order to consistently and accurately describe the relative location of anatomical structures. This position has the bipedal human standing erect with face toes and palms facing forward (anterior) the upper limbs near the side of the body and the feet narrowly positioned. .

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7
Q

Coronal (frontal) plane

A

vertical plan that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

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8
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plan that divides into right and left portions

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9
Q

Median (mid sagittal or median sagittal) plane

A

the sagittal plan that divides the body into equal right and left halves at the precise midline

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10
Q

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A

horizontal plan that divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

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11
Q

Longitudinal sections

A

cut lengthwise, parallel to the long axis of the body part, can be in the frontal (coronal) or sagittal planes

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12
Q

Transverse sections (cross sections

A

cut perpendicular to the long axis of the body part

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13
Q

Oblique sections

A

cut along a plane which is not longitudinal or transverse

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14
Q

anatomical sections

A

longitudinal, transverse, oblique

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15
Q

anatomical planes

A

coronal, sagittal, median, transverse

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16
Q

Anterior

A

ventral - front

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17
Q

posterior

A

dorsal - back

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18
Q

superior

A

cranial - top

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19
Q

inferior

A

caudal - bottom

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20
Q

medial

A

toward the median plane

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21
Q

lateral

A

away from the median plane

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22
Q

proximal

A

toward the origin (used for limbs, neural, vascular)

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23
Q

Distal

A

away from the origin (used for limbs, neural, vascular)

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24
Q

Superficial

A

closer to the body surface, internally

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25
Q

Deep

A

away from the body surface, internally

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26
Q

Bilateral

A

present on both sides of the body

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27
Q

unilateral

A

present on 1 side of the body only

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28
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side as another structure, relational

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29
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side from another structure

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30
Q

abduction

A

moving away from the median plane, along the frontal plane

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31
Q

adduction

A

moving toward the median plan, along the frontal plane

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32
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

revolving around the longitudinal axis causing the anterior surface to move away from the median plane

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33
Q

medial (internal) rotation

A

revolving around the longitudinal axis causing the anterior surface to move toward the median plane

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34
Q

protraction

A

moving a part anteriorly, considered transverse or sagittal

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35
Q

retraction

A

moving a part posteriorly, considered transverse or sagittal

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36
Q

axial skeletal system

A

cranium, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

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37
Q

appendicular skeletal system

A

forms the limbs with their girdles

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38
Q

long bones

A

longer than wide (femur, ulna)

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39
Q

short bones

A

roughly cube shaped (ones at base of hand)

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40
Q

flat bones

A

thin and flat (or slightly curved) like scapular, or cranial bones

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41
Q

irregular bones

A

various shapes (vertebrae, facial bones)

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42
Q

sesamoid

A

seed shaped, develop in tendons (patella)

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43
Q

Parts of long bones

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphyses
  3. Metaphysis
  4. Medullary cavity
  5. Periosteum
  6. Endosteum
  7. Nutrient Foramen
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44
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft or body of bone

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45
Q

epiphyses

A

proximal and distal ends of the bone

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46
Q

metaphysis

A

junction between diaphysis and epiphysis, location of the epiphyseal line (adult) or epiphyseal plate (growth plate) in the growing bone

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47
Q

medullary cavity

A

interior of diaphysis containing bone marrow

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48
Q

Periosteum

A

connective tissue covering of the external bone surface, tendons of muscles intermingle with this tissue to unite muscles to the bones

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49
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue lining the medullary cavity

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50
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

opening in the diaphysis allowing the main artery and vein to pass to the medullary cavity

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51
Q

Blood supply to the bone

A

the nutrient artery is the largest and passes through the nutrient foramen. Smaller epiphysis and metaphyseal arteries arise from joint supplying arteries. Periosteum blood supply is crucial for bone survival.

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52
Q

Veins follow

A

arteries

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53
Q

Innervation of the bone

A

Primary innervation is same as those innervating blood vessels (vasomotor). Bone is relatively insensitive to pain. Periosteum is supplied by sensory fibers which convey pain from damaged structures.

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54
Q

Cartilage of the bone

A
  1. avascular connective tissue located at sites of increased flexibility
  2. 3 types based on composition of extracellular matrices
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55
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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56
Q

hyaline catilage

A

most common and is found coating the articular (joint) surface of most bones (articular cartilage) and also forms costal cartilage and tracheal rings

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57
Q

elastic cartilage

A

forms the external ear and epiglottis

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58
Q

fibrocartilage

A

forms articular discs at various joints, intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis

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59
Q

Joints

A

articulations - where 2 bones come together

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60
Q

Fibrous joints

A

bone surfaces joined by dense connective tissue, no cavity present (has sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis)

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61
Q

sutures

A

between bones of skull, minimal amount of fibrous tissue

62
Q

Syndesmosis

A

bones connected by a sheet of dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane between radius and ulna)

63
Q

Gomphosis

A

tooth root joined to bony socket by peridontal ligament

64
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

joined by cartilage, no cavity present (synchondrosis and symphysis)

65
Q

synchondrosis

A

joined by hyaline cartilage (epiphyseal (growth) plates, costochondral junction between ribs and costal cartilages)

66
Q

Symphysis

A

joined by fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

67
Q

Synovial joints

A

a fluid filled joint cavity, results in increased flexibility between hyaline covered articular surfaces. All synovial joints are diarthroses

68
Q

Synovial joint components

A

articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, ligaments, articular discs

69
Q

articular cartilage

A

mostly hyaline cartilage

70
Q

joint (synovial) cavity

A

fluid filled space between articular surfaces

71
Q

articular capsule

A

an outer layer of fibrous tissue that is continuous with the periosteum of the related bones and inner synovial membrane s

72
Q

synovial membrane

A

covers all except the articular cartilage

73
Q

synovial fluid

A

very viscous fluid, produced by synovial membrane and fills the cavity

74
Q

Ligaments can be found in joints to be

A

supporting the capsule, extracapsular, or inside as the intracapsular (like crucial ligaments of the knee)

75
Q

Fibrocartilaginous articular discs

A

can be found within the cavity or between 2 cavities to improve the surface interactions or absorb forces (temporomandibular joint and sternoclavicular joint)

76
Q

Mechanical classifications of synovial joints

A

Uniaxial, Biaxial, multiaxial

77
Q

Biaxial

A

moves in 2 planes (knuckles)

78
Q

Multiaxial

A

moves in 3 or more planes (glenohumeral joint)

79
Q

uniaxial

A

moves in only one plane (elbow)

80
Q

Shape classifications of synovial joints

A
  1. plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
81
Q

plane joint

A

2 flat surfaces, allowing gliding/sliding movements

82
Q

hinge joint

A

cylindrical end fits into a trough end, allowing uniaxial movements (elbow)

83
Q

pivot joint

A

cylinder end fits into a ring of bone with fibrous support tissue, allowing rotation (shaking head side to side)

84
Q

condyloid (ellipsoid) joint

A

egg shaped surface with a concave surface, allowing biaxial movements of flexion/extension and adduction/abduction

85
Q

saddle joints

A

saddle shaped convex and concave surfaces yielding biaxial movements as in condyloid joints

86
Q

ball and socket joint

A

a sphere in a concave socket yielding multiaxial movements

87
Q

blood supply to joints

A

most large synovial joints are supplied via an extensive arterial anastomosis, which is a matrix of interconnected arteries. The anastomosis allows continual blood flow when the joint is in extreme positions

88
Q

Hiltons Law

A

states that a joint is innervated by branches of the nerves that innervate the muscles which move the joint. These articular nerves are used in transmitting pain, proprioceptive (joint position) information, and for innervating adjacent vasculature (vasomotor function).

89
Q

Skin

A

the largest organ of the body, which functions to protect, regulate heat, provide sensation, and synthesis of vitamin D. Skin varies in thickness and sensitivity. It is thickest on the soles of the feet and thinnest on the eyelids.

90
Q

epidermis

A

the outer avascular layer of skin formed by keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

91
Q

dermis

A

the vascular, deeper layer of the skin formed by dense connective tissue

92
Q

Various specialized structures in skin

A

they are variably present - skin, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and receptor organs

93
Q

how is the dermis attached to the underlying deep fascia

A

via skin ligaments (retinaculum cutis) bands of fibrous tissue. A high density of skin ligaments are found in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, reducing movement of the skin, as opposed to the dorsum of the hands which have minimal ligaments.

94
Q

Fascia

A

a layer of connective tissue that contains varying amounts of fat and helps to surround, separate, and or connect structures.

95
Q

Superficial fascia

A

lies deep to the dermis, containing varying amounts of fat and neurovasculature. This later allows freer movement of the skin over deeper structures

96
Q

deep fascia

A

dense, connective tissue found deep to the superficial fascia. Deep fascia has inward projections (intermuscular septa) which compartmentalize similarly functioning and similarly innervated muscle groups. Deep fascia also has extensions which invest neurovascular, forming a bundle. Deep fascia has thickening near joints (wrist, ankle) called retinacula, which act as pulleys for tendons running deeply

97
Q

3 general muscle ttpes

A

skeletal smooth and cardiac

98
Q

skeletal muscle

A

voluntarily controlled and striated. Produces force to move or stabilize the skeleton

99
Q

smooth muscle

A

involuntarily controlled and non striated. Found in viscera, vessels, skin, and eyeball

100
Q

cardiac muscle

A

involuntarily controlled and striated. understandably found in the heart.

101
Q

Tendons

A

strong dense connective tissue cords that attach muscle to bone. The tendon may be enclosed by a serous membrane (tendon sheath). Its cavity is filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction on the tendon as it passes under retinacula or through fibrous tunnels

102
Q

tendon sheath

A

serous membrane enclosing tendon.

103
Q

muscle origin

A

generally the more proximal tendon attachment that typically remains fixed (stationary) in position during a muscle contraction

104
Q

a muscle insertion

A

generally the more distal tendon attachment site that typically moves during a muscle contraction

105
Q

attachment site

A

will be used more often than origin and insertion.

106
Q

aponeurosis

A

a wide flattened tendinous sheet, which forms the attaching structure for various muscles

107
Q

naming of muscles can be based on

A

function, attachment site, number of muscle bellies, length or size, relative position

108
Q

shapes of muscle

A

flat, pennate (feather like), fusiform, convergent, geometric

109
Q

pennate muscles split into

A

unipennate (muscle fibers attach to the tendon on one side) or bipennate (muscle fibers attach to a central tendon on both sides) or multipennate (muscle fibers attach to several central tendons)

110
Q

fusiform means

A

spindle shaped

111
Q

convergent muscles

A

wide, fan shaped tendon which converges into a single tendon

112
Q

geometric muscles

A

circular, quadrangular, trapezoid, rhomboid

113
Q

how is force produced in teh muscles

A

contractile units of the muscles shorten

114
Q

muscles pull or push

A

they only pull never push.

115
Q

isometric contractions

A

muscle tension increases but overall muscle length does not change (no skeletal movement)

116
Q

concentric contractions

A

exist when the muscle tension is greater than the opposing forces, resulting in overall muscle shortening and subsequent skeletal movement

117
Q

eccentric contractions

A

exist when the muscle tension is less than the opposing forces resulting in overall muscle lengthening and subsequent skeletal movement

118
Q

agonist

A

the main muscle producing the movement, concentrically is the primary mover

119
Q

antagonist

A

the muscle the opposes the prime mover, eccentrically, is the antagonist. The optimal balance between agonist and antagonist activities results in efficient, smooth, movement.

120
Q

fixator

A

a muscle which isometrically contracts to stabilize the origin of the prime mover

121
Q

Synergists

A

muscles that assist prime movers either by providing similar forces or by adjusting the system to modify the action, as desired.

122
Q

Cardiovascular system consists of

A

the heart and blood vessels

123
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

contains low oxygenated blood pumped from the right ventricle through pulmonary arties to the lungs to be oxygenated and then delivered to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

124
Q

systemic criculation

A

contains oxygen rich blood pumped from the L ventricle to arties to the entire body where oxygen is used and the blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart via veins

125
Q

heart

A

4 chambered organ pumps blood through 2 different circulations

126
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart. As the systemic arterial system works under high pressure, these vessels have thicker walls than veins. As arteries branch they get smaller and become arterioles.

127
Q

capillaries

A

small thin walled vessels found in the destination tissues where O2 exchange occurs, interposed between arterioles and venules

128
Q

Veins

A

carry blood toward the heart. As the systemic venous works under low pressure, these vessels are thin walled and have a valve system to reduce regurgitation of blood.

129
Q

what happens as veins gain what

A

as veins gain tributaries, they become larger as they approach the heart.

130
Q

Lymphatic system is made up of

A

lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes

131
Q

lymphs

A

formed by transparent interstitial fluid, cellular debris, pathogens and lymphocytes

132
Q

lymph vessels

A

similar to veins, in that they start as capillaries that merge to form larger vessels and contain valves to facilitate one way flow These lymph vessels eventually merge with the systemic venous system

133
Q

lymph nodes

A

are encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue found along the lymph vessels. they function to remove particulates and to react to antigens. Lymph nodes are consistent in position and drain specific regions/structures. w

134
Q

what can changes in lymph node size be used for

A

to diagnose infections or cancer in the area drained by the node

135
Q

division of nervous system

A

CNS and PND

136
Q

somatic

A

divided from embryonic somites (skin, skeleton, and skeletal muscles)

137
Q

visceral

A

involved with visceral organs

138
Q

afferent/sensory

A

components bringing info into the CNS

139
Q

efferent/motor

A

components transmitting info away from the CNS

140
Q

functional division of the nervous system

A

somatic, visceral, afferent/sensory, efferent/motor

141
Q

functional cell of nervous system

A

neuron

142
Q

component of a neuron

A

cell body (soma), dendrites (receive info), and axon (deliver info)

143
Q

shapes of neurons

A

multipolar and pseudounipolar neurons

144
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have numerous process on the cell body; many dendrites and one axon

145
Q

pseudounipolar neuron

A

have a single appendage attached to the cell body (sensory neurons). This single piece has a peripheral process with a dendritic end bringing info from the peripheral body ( like a skin receptor) and a central process transmitting towards the CNS.

146
Q

neuroglia

A

glial cells - the support cells of the nervous system. These cells have numerous functions and actually outnumber the neurons

147
Q

ganglion

A

a collection of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

148
Q

nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies located inside the CNS

149
Q

nerve fiber

A

a neurons axon and its coverings

150
Q

a nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers outside the CNS. A nerve is covered by connective tissue and bv (vaso nervosum)

151
Q

synapse

A

site of communication, info transfer between neurons

152
Q

a motor unit is defined as

A

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. This is the functional unit of muscle contraction/relaxation control

Anatomy (4 decks)

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