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Respiratory > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Different X-ray densities (5)

A 
Air - Black
Fat - Grey 
Soft tissue/Muscle - Grey/white
Bone - White
Metal - Bright white
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2
Q

Relative CT densities (8)

A 
Air -1000
Lungs - 500
Fat	- 100
Water 0
Muscle + 50
Bone + 200
Contrast + 500
Metal + 1000
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3
Q

CXR ‘Posterior to Anterior’ view (3)

A

Patient stands 2m from the x-ray apparatus facing the digital cassette
The shoulders are braced forward so that the scapulae do not obscure the lungs
Note that as the heart lies anteriorly within the thorax, PA views minimise cardiac shadow magnification

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4
Q

CXR ‘Anterior to Posterior’ view (2)

A

For patients lying down where cassette is placed behind the patient
Inferior to PA views due to magnified heart shadow, overlying scapula and difficulty in patient to take proper inspiration

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5
Q

CXR Lateral view

A

Portrays 3D structure of thorax where anatomy and pathology is more appreciated

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6
Q

Requirements of taking a CXR (3)

A

Check patients name and ID
Side marker
Adequate technique - Inspiration, rotation, penetration

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7
Q

If a CXR is adequately inspired

A

6 ribs must be visible from anterior end

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8
Q

If a CXR is centered

A

Medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae

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9
Q

Cardiomediastinal contours

(9)

A 
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Left auricle
Left ventricle
Right Atrium
Trachea
Hemidiaphargm (right)
Stomach bubble
Horizontal fissure
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10
Q

Visible lobes on anterior view (4)

A

Right upper
Right middle
Left upper
Lingula

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11
Q

Visible lobes on posterior view (2)

A

Right Lower

Left Lower

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12
Q

Lateral radiograph features (4)

A

Oblique fissure
Horizontal fissure
Posterior costropherenic recess
Retrosternal space

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13
Q

Lobar collapse/consolidation features (3)

A

Displacement of fissure towards collapsing lobe
Volume loss causing air space opacification
Collapsed lobe has triangular/ pyramidal shape

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14
Q

Ultrasound features (3)

A

Fluid - Black
Soft tissue - Bright
Air and Bone - Shadow

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15
Q

TB in CXR leaves

A

Cavities in the upper lobes

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16
Q

Acute TB phase

A

Opacification of tiny nodules in lungs

17
Q

Pulmonary Hila (3)

A

Junctions between heart and lungs where pulmonary arteries and bronchi enter and pulmonary veins exit the lungs
Left hilum lies superiorly to the right hilum
Common place for bronchial carcinoma as lymph nodes enlarge and become visible

18
Q

Trachea and Bronchi

A

Normally visible but major and minor bronchi are poorly shown unless calcified in older people

19
Q

Diaphragm (3)

A

Right diaphragm lies 1.5 cm above left diaphragm due to liver
Deviations indicate disease
Pneumothorax, lung collapse, emphysema causes diaphragmatic elevation/depression

20
Q

Retrosternal and retrocardiac space (2)

A

Should be dark on lateral CXR

If they are not disease is present

21
Q

Silhouette Sign (2)

A

Based on different radiograph densities when compared to its neighbour
Diseases causes an increase in lung density or a lost of silhouette

22
Q

Tension pneumothorax

A

Accumulates large amounts of air it will squash the lungs so the patient cannot ventilate them

23
Q

Lines and tubes (2)

A

Examples are endotracheal tubes, nasogastric tubes, central venous lines
CXR confirms correct placement

24
Q

Iatrogenic pneumothorax (2)

A

Caused by medical procedure complication

Example like cardiac pacemaker insertion

25
Q

Endotracheal tube position

A

2 cm proximal to carina

26
Q

Pulmonary Thromboembolism when imaging is indicated (3)

A

If CXR Normal do V/Q scan
If radiation to be avoided/or clinical suspicion of DVT consider U/S Leg
If CXR abnormal/massive PE suspected do CT Pulmonary angiogram

27
Q

Imaging features in lung cancer (2)

A

Peripheral tumours - Beyond hilum

Central tumours - Close to hilum

28
Q

Popcorn CT Hamartoma

A

Benign tumour in the lung

29
Q

Identifying asbestosis in HRCT

A

Presence of benign pleural plague

30
Q

Peripheral Tumors (4)

A

40% of bronchial cancer that rises beyond segmented bronchi
Not visible if <1cm on CXR
Spherical or oval
Volume doubling time vary between 40 and 400 days for solid tumours

31
Q

Contrast enhanced CT is good for (3)

A

Assessing tumour size
Showing intracranial metastases
Guiding a biopsy of peripheral lesions

32
Q

PET CT is good for (3)

A

Nodal metastases
Distant metastases (not brain metastases due to brain having constant high glucose uptake)
Delineating tumour in an area of collapse

33
Q

Ultrasound uses in respiratory (4)

A

Pleural effusion
Subphrenic collection
Diaphragm movement
US Guided Drainage

Respiratory (8 decks)

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