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Respiratory > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract (4)

A

Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract (6)

A 
Trachea
Main bronchus
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
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3
Q

At level of C6 vertebra (2)

A

The larynx becomes the trachea

The pharynx becomes the oesophagus

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4
Q

Lung Lobe (4)

A

Area of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air
3 in right lung (upper, middle, lower)
2 in left lung (upper,lower)
Fissures separate lobes from each other

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5
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

Area of lung lobe that each one of the segmental bronchi supply with air
Each lung has 10

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6
Q

Each lung lobe and branchopulmonary segment has its own (4)

A

Air supply
Blood supply
Lymphatic drainage
Nerve supply

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7
Q

Where is epithelium lining present in the lower respiratory tract (2)

A

From the trachea to the segmental bronchus

None in distal bronchioles and alveoli

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8
Q

Hyaline cartilage (4)

A

Supports trachea and bronchi walls
Maintains patency of airways
Amount of cartilage decreases distally in the respiratory tree
None in the bronchioles and alveoli

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9
Q

Alveoli must have no smooth muscle or cartilage

A

To ensure the diffusion of gases

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10
Q

Smooth muscle (3)

A

Increases distally in the respiratory tree
Present in bronchioles for constriction and dilation
Wheezing is the sound when air passes through constricted airways - occurs in respiratory diseases

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11
Q

Requirements for O2 and CO2 diffusion between alveolus and blood (5)

A 
Sufficient functioning lung tissue
Sufficient O2 in the air we breathe in
No CO2 in the air we breathe in
Minimal thickness of alveolus wall
Minimal tissue fluid in the alveolar tissue spaces - Buildup leads to oedema
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12
Q

Main dangers to airway flow (4)

A

Bronchiole constriction
Swelling of mucosa lining and mucous overproduction
Compression from tumour
Foreign bodies

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13
Q

Functions of larynx (3)

A

Cartilages maintain URT patency
Prevents entry of foreign bodies into LRT
Produces sound

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14
Q

Rima glottidis (2)

A

Narrowest part of larynx

Foreign bodies tend to block URT at the rima glottidis

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15
Q

Vocal ligaments functions (3)

A

Airway protection by stimulating cough reflex when foreign body in inhaled
Phonation - producing sound
Articulation - producing speech

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16
Q

Heimlich manoeuvre aims to (4)

A

Raise abdominal pressure
Forces diaphragm superiorly
Raise chest and lung pressure
Forces air from lungs to trachea to rima glottis to expel foreign body

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17
Q

Main dangers of no warm,moist,clean air (2)

A

Cooling and drying of tract damages mucocilliary escalator

Breathing pathogens causes infections

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18
Q

Chest wall components (7)

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia – fat
Deep fascia – thin tough layer overlying muscle
Bone
Skeletal muscles
Diaphragm
Parietal pleura
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19
Q

Parietal cavity (3)

A

Located between the parietal and visceral layers of pleura
Space surrounding lung in 3D apart from lung root entry
Vital in breathing mechanism

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20
Q

Isthmus of thyroid gland anatomical relationship

A

Anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

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21
Q

Thorax (2)

A

Between neck and abdomen

Made of chest wall and chest cavity

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22
Q

Chest wall functions (2)

A

Protects heart and lungs

Makes movements of breathing

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23
Q

Chest cavity properties (2)

A 
Within chest wall
Contains viscera (vital organs), major vessels and nerves, mediastinum, right and left pleural cavities
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24
Q

Lung Development in embryo

A

As lung bud pushes out from the mediastinum it displaces the visceral pleura until it touches the parietal pleura forming the pleura cavity

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25
Q

Skeletal muscles of breathing located between ribs and intercostal spaces (3)

A

External, Internal and Innermost intercostal muscles
Layers of intercostal muscles attach between adjacent ribs
Makes chest wall expand during breathing by pulling adjacent ribs upwards and outwards

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26
Q

Intercostal Spaces (2)

A

11 pairs between the ribs

Each one carriers a neuro-vascular bundle between the internal and innermost intercostal muscle layers

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27
Q

Nerve supply

A

Anterior Ramus of Spinal nerve

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28
Q

Posterior blood supply

A

Arterial - Thoracic aorta

Venous - Azygous vein

29
Q

Anterior blood supply

A

Arterial - Internal thoracic artery

Venous - Internal thoracic vein

30
Q

Diaphragm (4)

A

Right dome is more superior than left dome
Skeletal muscle with central tendon with openings allowing structures to pass through from thorax to abdomen
Muscular part attaches peripherally to sternum, lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages and L1 - L3 vertebral bodies
Muscular part is supplied by pherenic nerve

31
Q

Pherenic nerve (5)

A

Combined anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves C3-5
Found in neck on anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
Found in thorax descending over lateral pericardial sack
Supplies sensory, motor and sympathetic axons to diaphragm
Supplies sensory and sympathetic axons to pericardium

32
Q

Muscles of Anterolateral Chest Wall and their features (4)

A

Deltoid, Pectoralis Major, latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior
Cephalic vein lies in delto-pectoral groove
Long thoracic nerve lies superficially on serratus anterior
Injury to long thoracic nerve causes serratus anterior paralysis causing a winged scapula

33
Q

What is the name of the subclavian artery as it passes rib 1

A

Axillary artery

34
Q

Lungs are only connected to the mediasternum

A

At the lung root

35
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess (4)

A

Most dependent (inferior) part of the pleural cavity
Located between the diaphragmatic parietal pleura and the costal parietal pleura
Most inferior region laterally is the costophrenic angle
Abnormal fluid in pleural cavity drain into the recess causing blunting of the angles

36
Q

Root lung structures (7)

A 
Main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins
Lymphatics
Visceral afferents
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
37
Q

Auscultation of lung apex position

A

Superior to the medial 1/3rd of the clavicle

38
Q

Auscultation of middle lobe

A

Between ribs 4 to 6 in the mid-clavicular & midaxillary lines

39
Q

Auscultation of lung base

A

Posteriorly at scapular line at T11 vertebral level (Most inferior part of inferior lobe)

40
Q

Scapular line

A

Passes vertically through the inferior angle of the scapula

41
Q

Location of sensory receptors that stimulate coughing and Cranial nerves responsible in URT (4)

A

Oropharyngeal mucosa
Laryngopharyngeal mucosa
Laryngeal mucosa
CN IX or CN X

42
Q

Carotid sheaths (4)

A

Protective ‘tubes’ of deep cervical fascia
Attach superiorly to bones of skull base
Blends inferiorly with mediastinum fascia
Contains vagus nerve, internal and common carotid arteries, internal jugular vein

43
Q

Pulmonary plexus composition (3)

A

Sympathetic axons
Parasympathetic axons
Visceral afferents

44
Q

Location of sensory receptors that stimulate coughing and Cranial nerves responsible in LRT (2)

A

Motor axons travel from tracheal bifurcation along branches of the respiratory tree to supply all mucous glands
bronchiolar smooth muscles
The pulmonary visceral afferents travel from visceral pleura & respiratory tree to the plexus then follow the vagus nerve to the medulla of the brainstem

45
Q

Nerve mechanisms in a deep inspiration

A

Greater outflow of action potentials of longer duration via phrenic nerve
Causes the the diaphragm to flatten then descend maximally

46
Q

Accessory muscles of forced inspiration (4)

A 
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenus anterior, medius
& posterior
47
Q

Pectoralis major (3)

A

Attaches between sternum/ribs & humerus
Adducts and medially rotates humerus
If upper limb position is fixed the muscle can pull the ribs upwards/outwards

48
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Can pull ribs 3-5 superiorly towards the coracoid process of the scapula

49
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

attaches between Sternum/clavicle & mastoid process of temporal bone

50
Q

Scalenus anterior, medius

& posterior

A

Attaches between cervical vertebrae

& ribs 1 & 2

51
Q

Intrinsic muscles of larynx (5)

A

All skeletal muscles
Attaches between cartilages
Moving cartilages causes vocal cords to move
All supplied by motor branches of the vagus nerve
The muscles adduct the vocal cords during a cough reflex

52
Q

Right & Left Vagus nerve (3)

A

Connect with CNS at medulla
In the chest they descend posterior to lung root
Supplies parasympathetic axons to chest organs

53
Q

Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (5)

A 
External Oblique 
Internal Oblique
Transversus abdominus
Rectus abdominis
Rectus sheath
54
Q

External Oblique (4)

A

Attaches superiorly to lower ribs and inferiorly of iliac crest and pubic tubercle
Fibre direction is the same as the external intercostal muscle
Has linea semilunaris where muscle fibres end and aponeurosis (flattened tendon begins)
The midline of the aponeurosis from the left and right is the linea alba

55
Q

Internal Oblique (3)

A

Has aponeurosis and linea alba
Attaches superiorly to lower ribs and inferiorly to the iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia
Fibre direction the same as internal intercostal muscle

56
Q

Transversus abdominus (2)

A

Has aponeurosis and linea alba

Deep superior attachment to lower ribs and inferior attachment to iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia

57
Q

Rectus abdominis (2)

A

Tendinous intersections divide each of 2 long flat muscles into
3 or 4 smaller quadrate muscles
For improved mechanical efficiency

58
Q

Functions of Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles (4)

A

Tonic contractions maintains posture and supports vertebral column
Produces movements of vertebral column
Protects abdominal viscera
Increases intra-abdominal pressure for defecation, micturition, labour

59
Q

Pulmonary Consequences of chronic cough (3)

A

Dynamic airway compression occurs
Causes expiration difficulty
Build up of air trapped in alveoli could lead to rupture of lung and visceral pleura

60
Q

Pneumothorax (2)

A

When air enters pleural cavity via penetrating injury to parietal pleura or visceral pleura rupture
The vacuum is lost where the elastic lung tissue recoils towards the lung root

61
Q

Small pneumothorax size

A

<2 cm gap between lung and parietal pleura

62
Q

Large pneumothorax size

A

> 2 cm gap between lung and parietal pleura

63
Q

Pneumothorax diagnosis (2)

A

Reduced ipsilateral chest expansion and breath sounds

Hyper resonance on percussion

64
Q

Can a pneumothorax be bilateral

A

YES

65
Q

Tension pneumothorax (2)

A

Torn pleura creates one way valve where air enters but it cant escape
So air collects and applies pressure to mediastinal structures and cause a shift

66
Q

Mediastinal shift consequences (2)

A

Tracheal deviation causing SVC compression

Leads to hypotension

67
Q

Management of large pneumothorax (2)

A 
Needle aspiration (thoracentesis)
Chest drain in 5th intercostal space in midaxillary line
68
Q

The ‘safe triangle’ for thoracentesis

A

Anterior border of latissimus dorsi
Posterior border of pectoralis major
Axial line superior to the nipple

69
Q

Emergency management of a tension pneumothorax

A

Gauge cannula in 2nd intercostal space in midclavicular line

Respiratory (8 decks)

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