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MD3001 > RADIOLOGY > Flashcards

RADIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Define ECHO.

A

the use of ultrasound to examine the heart

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2
Q

Name the 3 types of ultrasound transducers and one application.

A

LINEAR ARRAY
musculoskeletal, vasculature

CURVED ARRAY
obstetrics, abdominal

PHASED ARRAY
echo

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3
Q

What are the 4 manipulations of an ultrasound maneuvers?

A
  • pressure
  • alignment
  • rotation
  • tilting
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4
Q

What are the 3 standards imaging windows for transthoracic ECHO?

A
  • parasternal
  • apical
  • subcostal
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5
Q

What would you use M mode for in an ECHO?

A
  • studying cardiac valve and wall motion

- foetal heart rate and activity

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6
Q

What movement could you ask from a patient to enhance an ECHO subcostal view?

A

supine with hips and knees flexed

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7
Q

What 4 things are you looking for in a basic echo in resuscitation?

A
  • pericardial effusion
  • enlarged right ventricle
  • left ventricle size in conjunction with IVC
  • left ventricle systolic function
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8
Q

What are the 3 main vascular risks in Marfan’s syndrome?

A
  • aortic root enlargement
  • mitral valve prolapse
  • aortic dissection
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9
Q

Which ECG leads are unipolar?

A

V1-V6

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10
Q

In ECGs, what does AVF lead stand for?

A

Augmented vector foot

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11
Q

Define Q and R waves.

A

Q WAVE
first negative deflection after P wave

R WAVE
first positive deflection after P wave

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12
Q

What would 1st degree heart block present like on an ECG?

A

prolonged PR interval, with only 1 P wave

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13
Q

Which lead represents the opposite of AVR?

A

lead 2

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14
Q

Which type(s) of heart block cause the need for a pacemaker?

A
  • 2nd degree heart block (2:1, 3:1)

- 3rd degree heart block

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15
Q

What is the most likely consequence of ventricular asystole?

A

death

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16
Q

How would you check standardisation of an ECG?

A

1cm = 1mV

paper speed = 25mm/sec

17
Q

How would you calculate the rate of a standard ECG?

A

300/(number of large squares between 2 R waves

18
Q

In which lead should P waves be upright in a normal ECG?

A

II, III, AVF

19
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a sinus rhythm?

A
  • normal P waves
  • normal QRS complex
  • one P wave followed by one WRS complex
  • regular rhythm
20
Q

What are the characteristics of atrial fibrillation on ECG?

A
  • no discernible P waves

- irregular QRS complexes

21
Q

What is the appearance of atrial flutter 4:1 described as?

A

sawtoothed

22
Q

What are the characteristics of junctional tachycardia on ECG?

A
  • normal QRS complexes

- absent P waves

23
Q

What are the two shockable rhythms?

A
  • pulseless ventricular tachycardia

- ventricular fibrillation

24
Q

When is the P wave usually absent on the ECG?

A
  • atrial fibrillation

- nodal rhythm

25
Q

Give 2 conditions in which the P wave is abnormal on an ECG.

A
  • left atrial hypertrophy

- right atrial hypertrophy

26
Q

What is the normal range of the PR interval on an ECG?

A

120-200ms

27
Q

Give 4 reasons for low voltage in a QRS complex on an ECG.

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • chronic obstructive airway disease
  • myocarditis
  • percarditis & pericardial effusion
28
Q

How would you calculate the Sokolow-Lyon index in an ECG?

A

S wave in V1 + R wave in V5 or V6

29
Q

What are the ECG characteristics of right ventricular hypertrophy?

A
  • dominant R wave in V1
  • T wave inversion in V1-V3 or in V4
  • deep S wave in V6
30
Q

What is a significant Q wave?

A

> 40ms and/or depth >0,2mV

31
Q

What may a significant Q wave in lead 3 represent?

A

PE

32
Q

Give 5 reasons for a prolonged QT interval.

A
  • acute myocardial ischaemia
  • myocarditis
  • bradycardia
  • head injury
  • hypothermia
  • ionic imbalance
  • congenital
  • some drugs
33
Q

What are the 2 significant pathological changes on an ST segment of and ECG?

A
  • elevation

- depression

34
Q

In which lead is inversion of a T wave indicative of an ischaemia or infarction?

A

I, II, V4-V6

35
Q

What are the effects of Digoxin on an ECG?

A
  • T wave inversion

- ST segment

36
Q

What is the axis of an ECG?

A

sum of all ventricular forces during ventricular depolarisation

MD3001 (9 decks)

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