RADIOLOGY Flashcards
Define ECHO.
the use of ultrasound to examine the heart
Name the 3 types of ultrasound transducers and one application.
LINEAR ARRAY
musculoskeletal, vasculature
CURVED ARRAY
obstetrics, abdominal
PHASED ARRAY
echo
What are the 4 manipulations of an ultrasound maneuvers?
- pressure
- alignment
- rotation
- tilting
What are the 3 standards imaging windows for transthoracic ECHO?
- parasternal
- apical
- subcostal
What would you use M mode for in an ECHO?
- studying cardiac valve and wall motion
- foetal heart rate and activity
What movement could you ask from a patient to enhance an ECHO subcostal view?
supine with hips and knees flexed
What 4 things are you looking for in a basic echo in resuscitation?
- pericardial effusion
- enlarged right ventricle
- left ventricle size in conjunction with IVC
- left ventricle systolic function
What are the 3 main vascular risks in Marfan’s syndrome?
- aortic root enlargement
- mitral valve prolapse
- aortic dissection
Which ECG leads are unipolar?
V1-V6
In ECGs, what does AVF lead stand for?
Augmented vector foot
Define Q and R waves.
Q WAVE
first negative deflection after P wave
R WAVE
first positive deflection after P wave
What would 1st degree heart block present like on an ECG?
prolonged PR interval, with only 1 P wave
Which lead represents the opposite of AVR?
lead 2
Which type(s) of heart block cause the need for a pacemaker?
- 2nd degree heart block (2:1, 3:1)
- 3rd degree heart block
What is the most likely consequence of ventricular asystole?
death
How would you check standardisation of an ECG?
1cm = 1mV
paper speed = 25mm/sec
How would you calculate the rate of a standard ECG?
300/(number of large squares between 2 R waves
In which lead should P waves be upright in a normal ECG?
II, III, AVF
What are the 4 characteristics of a sinus rhythm?
- normal P waves
- normal QRS complex
- one P wave followed by one WRS complex
- regular rhythm
What are the characteristics of atrial fibrillation on ECG?
- no discernible P waves
- irregular QRS complexes
What is the appearance of atrial flutter 4:1 described as?
sawtoothed
What are the characteristics of junctional tachycardia on ECG?
- normal QRS complexes
- absent P waves
What are the two shockable rhythms?
- pulseless ventricular tachycardia
- ventricular fibrillation
When is the P wave usually absent on the ECG?
- atrial fibrillation
- nodal rhythm
Give 2 conditions in which the P wave is abnormal on an ECG.
- left atrial hypertrophy
- right atrial hypertrophy
What is the normal range of the PR interval on an ECG?
120-200ms
Give 4 reasons for low voltage in a QRS complex on an ECG.
- hypothyroidism
- chronic obstructive airway disease
- myocarditis
- percarditis & pericardial effusion
How would you calculate the Sokolow-Lyon index in an ECG?
S wave in V1 + R wave in V5 or V6
What are the ECG characteristics of right ventricular hypertrophy?
- dominant R wave in V1
- T wave inversion in V1-V3 or in V4
- deep S wave in V6
What is a significant Q wave?
> 40ms and/or depth >0,2mV
What may a significant Q wave in lead 3 represent?
PE
Give 5 reasons for a prolonged QT interval.
- acute myocardial ischaemia
- myocarditis
- bradycardia
- head injury
- hypothermia
- ionic imbalance
- congenital
- some drugs
What are the 2 significant pathological changes on an ST segment of and ECG?
- elevation
- depression
In which lead is inversion of a T wave indicative of an ischaemia or infarction?
I, II, V4-V6
What are the effects of Digoxin on an ECG?
- T wave inversion
- ST segment
What is the axis of an ECG?
sum of all ventricular forces during ventricular depolarisation
