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OSOMOP > Radiology > Flashcards

Radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the aims of taking a radiograph

A
  • Identify presence or absence of abnormality or disease
  • Provide information on nature and extend of abnormality or disease
  • Enable formation of differential diagnosis
  • Aid treatment planning
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2
Q

What are 3 commonly used intra oral radiographic views?

A
  1. IOPA
  2. Bitewing
  3. Occlusal
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3
Q

What are 3 commonly used extra oral radiographic views?

A
  1. Orthopantomogram (OPT)
  2. Lateral ceph
  3. Maxillofacial radiographs
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4
Q

Describe an IOPA radiograph

A

Intraoral technique designed to give detailed information on individual teeth and tissues around the apices

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5
Q

What are 6 indications for taking an IOPA?

A
  1. Apical pathology
  2. Periodontal assessment
  3. Unerupted tooth
  4. Root morphology
  5. Endodontics
  6. Implants
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6
Q

Name 2 advantages of IOPAs

A
  1. Low radiation dose

2. Good quality images

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7
Q

Name 4 disadvantages of IOPAs

A
  1. Increased cross infection risk
  2. Some patients cannot tolerate holder
  3. Positioning inaccuracies
  4. Limited view
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8
Q

Describe the normal anatomy seen on all IOPA

A
  • Periodontal ligament (radiolucent area between root and lamina dura)
  • Lamina Dura (thin dense bone surrounding tooth)
  • Cancellous bone (radiodense plates and rods)
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9
Q

What is the clinical significant of seeing the nasopalatine foramen on an IOPA?

A

It is a site of common cyst formation

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10
Q

Describe how the maxillary sinus may appear in an IOPA

A
  • The floor is thin radio-opaque line in molar / premolar region
  • Sinus is radiolucent
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11
Q

What is a bitewing radiograph designed to do?

A

Show the crowns of premolar and molar teeth on one side of the jaw

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12
Q

Describe 4 indications for the use of bitewing radiographs

A
  1. Detection of dental caries
  2. Monitoring progression of caries
  3. Assessment of existing restorations
  4. Assessment of periodontal status
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13
Q

What are occlusal radiographs?

A

Intraoral technique using film placed on the occlusal plane

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14
Q

What are the 3 classifications of maxillary occlusals?

A
  1. Upper anterior 65 - 70 degrees (standard)
  2. Upper oblique 65 - 70 degrees
  3. Vertex (Upper 90 degrees - No longer used)
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15
Q

What are the 3 classifications for mandibular occlusals?

A
  1. Lower 90 degrees (true occlusal)
  2. Lower 45 degrees (standard)
  3. Lower oblique (centred off to one side)
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16
Q

Name 4 indications for upper standard occlusal radiographs

A
  1. Periapical assessment
  2. Detection of supernumeraries, unerupted canines and odontomes
  3. Pathology anterior maxillary area
  4. Midline view for parallax
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17
Q

Name 4 indication for upper oblique occlusal radiographs

A
  1. Periapical upper posterior teeth
  2. Evaluation of cysts in posterior maxilla
  3. Position of roots displaced into antrum
  4. Fractures of posterior teeth / bone
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18
Q

Name 4 indications of lower anterior 90 degree occlusal radiographs

A
  1. Detection of submandibular duct calculi
  2. Bucco/lingual position of unerupted mandibular teeth
  3. Bucco/lingual expansion of mandible by cysts and tumours
  4. Assessment of fracture displacement in horizontal plane
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19
Q

Name 3 indications of lower standard occlusal radiographs

A
  1. Periapical assessment of lower incisors
  2. Evaluation of extent of cysts and tumours in anterior mandible
  3. Assessment of fracture displacement in vertical plane
20
Q

Name 4 indications of lower oblique occlusal radiographs

A
  1. Detection of calculi in posterior submandibular duct or gland
  2. Bucco/lingual position of lower third molars
  3. Bucco/lingual extent of mandible by cysts and tumours in posterior part or angle of mandible
  4. Assessment of fracture displacement in horizontal plane
21
Q

Describe the components of normal anatomy seen in maxillary occlusal radiographs

A
  • Nasal septum
  • Nasal fossa
  • Anterior nasal spine
  • Nasopalatine foramen
  • Inferior turbinate
  • Maxillary antrum
22
Q

Describe the components of normal anatomy in mandibular occlusal radiographs

A
  • Tongue
  • Body of mandible
  • Mental ridge
  • Mental foramen
  • Genial tubercles
23
Q

Describe 3 advantages of OPTs

A
  1. Shows all teeth and structures on one film
  2. Relatively simple technique
  3. Low radiation dose
24
Q

Describe 6 indications of OPTs

A
  1. Pathology of jaws
  2. Fractured mandibles
  3. Wisdom teeth assessment
  4. Periodontal status
  5. Orthodontic assessment
  6. Assessment for implants
25
Q

What are 4 possible air shadows which may be seen on OPTs?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Nasopharynx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. External auditory canal
26
Q

What are 4 possible soft tissue shadows which may be seen on OPTs?

A
  1. Soft palate
  2. Pinna
  3. Epiglottis
  4. Posterior pharyngeal wall
27
Q

Describe the radiographs taken for suspected fractured mandible

A

OPT and posterior-anterior mandible

28
Q

Describe the radiographs taken for suspected fractured zygoma

A

15 and 30 degree occipitomental radiographs

29
Q

What 3 ways may radiographic errors occur?

A
  1. Technique
  2. Exposure
  3. Processing
30
Q

Describe 4 ways in which technique can lead to errors in radiographs

A
  1. Patient preparation
  2. Film placement
  3. Incorrect angle
  4. Misalignment of beam to film
31
Q

Describe how patient preparation may lead to radiographic

A
  • Failure to remove jewellery / dentures

- Blurring due to patient movement

32
Q

Describe how film placement may lead to radiographic

A
  • Area of interest not shown
  • Only apex or crown shown (IOPAs)
  • Distortion due to film bending
33
Q

Describe how incorrect angle may lead to radiographic

A
  • Elongated or shortened teeth (vertical)

- Overlapping (horizontal)

34
Q

Describe how misalignment of beam to film may lead to radiographic

A

Cone cut or coned off

35
Q

Describe exposure errors in taking radiographs

A

Excessive / not enough exposure time, KvP, MA or combination fo these

36
Q

Name 4 ways processing can be influenced which may lead to errors

A
  1. Time and temperature
  2. Chemical contamination
  3. Film handling
  4. Light
37
Q

Describe 5 advantages of digital imaging

A
  1. No chemical processing waste
  2. Elimination of radiographic film
  3. Elimination of darkroom and automatic processing equipment
  4. Less radiation dose to patient
  5. Instant viewing of images
38
Q

Describe 5 disadvantages of digital imaging

A
  1. Initial set up costs
  2. Sensors may be bulky for patients
  3. Need computer and WiFi network
  4. Lack of hard copy
  5. Integration of software into practice can be difficult
39
Q

Describe the components of a radiography report

A
  • Name, DOB, hospital number, date taken
  • Type of radiograph
  • Quality standard
  • Area shown and general features
  • Detailed description of salient features
40
Q

Describe the acronym used to describe radiographs

A

LESION

 - Location
 - Edge
 - Size
 - Internal
 - Other structures
 - Number
41
Q

What is a radiolucency / radiodensity on a radiograph?

A
  • Radiolucencies allow passages of radiant energy and appear dark
  • Radiodensities are resistant to passage of radiant energy and appear white
42
Q

Describe the terms well defined and poorly defined

A
  • Well defined shows sharp boundary which allows edge of lesion to be traced
  • Poorly defined shows gradual transition between normal and abnormal bone
43
Q

Describe the terms corticated, unilocular and multilocular when describing radiographic lesions

A
  • Corticated is thin lining of bone surrounding lesion
  • Unilocular is having single compartment
  • Multilocular is having many compartments
44
Q

Name 4 different imaging modalities

A
  1. CT
  2. CBCT
  3. Ultrasound
  4. MRI
45
Q

Name 4 different imaging modalities

A
  1. CT
  2. CBCT
  3. Ultrasound
  4. MRI

OSOMOP (14 decks)

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