Radiology 1 Flashcards
How to calculate the estimated height of a child?
- Add mother and father’s height in cm
- Add 13 cm for boys or subtract 13 cm for girls
- Divide by 2
Child (at the puberty) should fall into the centile that is above or below 8 cm from the above target/estimated height
*children with parents having very different heights (e.g. very short and very tall) tend to go either way
Ix in case of suspected congenital hypothyroid
If TSH elevated on skin prick test:
1. If elevated >10 → start treatment with thyroid hormone
2. If elevated but no too much → test for T3 and T4 and if low then start treatment
*also radiological Ix e.g. USS scan in order to detect any anatomical abnormalities of thyroid gland
What’s a depression of diaphragm sign of on CXR?
Tension pneumothorax
What’s that?
Pneumomediastinum
Thin parietal pleural layer stripped of mediastinum as gas gets into mediastinal compartment
Causes: ruptured oesophagus, asthma, barotrauma, hyperventilation (e.g. in metabolic acidosis)
What’s continuous diaphragm sign?
If gas between heart and diaphragm → sign of pneumomediastinum
What’s that?
Middle lobe consolidation → pneumonia
What’s that?
Right lower lobe consolidation e.g. in pneumonia
We know it’s R lower lobe, as lower lobe has the same radiographic density as hemidiaphragm
What’s that?
Lingular consolidation pneumonia
Obscuration of a heart border with a diaphragm intact
What’s the diagnosis?
Bilateral perihilar airspace shadowing
Pneumocystic jiroveci pneumonoa
What’s that?
Ground glass perihilar airspace shadowing = pneumocystis jiroveci pneumona
- tends to spare peripheries and bases
- no lymphadenopathy
- no pleural effusions
What’s that?
describe CXR
COVID-19 pneumonia
- bilateral consolidation (either symmetrical or asymmetrical)
*but diagnosis should be made by PCR
Diagnosis
Miliary TB
- lots of nodules (no larger than 3 mm)
*but diagnosis made together with clinical features
What are Kerley B lines?
Areas of the interlobular septum (so the gaps between individual lobules) which fill with fluid that oozes out of pulmonary veins
- sign of HF
(2) findings on this CXR
- Kerley B lines
- early alveolar and interstitial pulmonary oedema
How do Kerley B lines happen?
Oozing out from pulmonary veins into interlobular septa