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Third Year 🔗 > Radiological diagnosis of cancer > Flashcards

Radiological diagnosis of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Screening is important in oncology for several reasons:

A

1- Detection of tumor.
2- Tumor staging.
3- Follow up:
Evaluation of therapeutic response.
Complications of treatments.
Recurrence.

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2
Q

Early detection of cancer before symptoms and signs appear.

A

Screening

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3
Q

Radiological screening involves screening everyone, usually within a……….. or……….

A

1- specific age
2- high risk group

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4
Q

1- ………….and……….. are the most common examples of radiological screening for cancer breast in females.
2- …………scan for lung cancer

A

1- Ultrasonography and mammography

2- CT

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5
Q

1- ………….and……….. are the most common examples of radiological screening for cancer breast in females.
2- …………scan for lung cancer

A

1- Ultrasonography and mammography

2- CT

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6
Q

( Types of Radiological & Imaging Modailties)

1-if I suspect a problem in thyroid , I will do an ………..
2-If I suspect in breast, I will do ………….+ ……………
3-If I suspect in Chest or in lung I will do a……….
4- If I suspect in Spine ,brain we will do an……….

A

1- ultrasound
2- ultrasound+ mammogram
3- CT
4- MRI

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7
Q

the extent of the absorption of X-ray depends on the……… of the tissue and its…………

A

1- density
2- chemical composition

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8
Q

Air absorbs few X-rays; therefore air shows up………… on an X- ray (radiolucent).

A

black

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9
Q

Air absorbs few X-rays; therefore air shows up black on an X- ray ………..
This is radiolucent or radio-opaque?

A

radiolucent

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10
Q

Calcium, abundant in bone, absorbs more X-rays and shows up white shadow.

This is radiolucent or radio-opaque?

A

radio-opaque

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11
Q

…………..and…………. absorb X-rays significantly, So they used in
X-ray contrast media, which can fill …………that subsequently show up white.

A

1- Iodine and barium

2- barium

3- hollow organs

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12
Q

Tissues not absorb X-ray or Minimally absorb X –ray are [Radiolucent/ Radio-opaque]

A

Radiolucent

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13
Q

Tissues significantly absorb X -ray are [Radiolucent/ Radio-opaque]

A

Radio-opaque

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14
Q

On a chest X-ray, healthy lung tissue containing air shows up [darker (radiolucent)/ lighter radio-opaque] than calcium-containing ribs wich are (radiolucent)/(radio-opaque).

A

1- darker (radio-lucent)
2- radio-opaque

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15
Q

If there is a tumor or inflamed tissue at a specific site in the lung, [more/ less] X-rays will be absorbed at that site; the abnormality is therefore visualized as a [dark area /brighter area (density).]

A

1- more

2- brighter area (density).

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16
Q

If for example we have radio-opaque in the lung area it means there is………. tissue.

A

abnormal

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17
Q

The sensitivity of X-ray examination depends on the……… and…….. of the mass

A

size and density of the mass

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18
Q

A non calcified abnormality in the lung must be larger than………… cm to be visible on a chest X-ray

A

1 cm

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19
Q

What is the difference between non calcified and calcified lesions in chest X-ray

A

A non calcified abnormality in the lung must be larger than 1cm to be visible on a chest X-ray; however, calcified lesions (ex.calcified old inflammatory lesions) needs size of only few millimeters to be visible on chest X-ray.

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20
Q

mass density depends on the mass component like…………..

A

calcium

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21
Q

Bone metastases often only become visible when at least……….. of the calcium at the site of the metastasis has disappeared. So, conventional X-ray can not detect early bone metastasis.

A

40%

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22
Q

Most of metastasis lesions appear
as …………..

A

hypodensity

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23
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of X-ray

A

Advantages:
1-Inexpensive
2- Widely available
3- Covers a large area of the body quickly
Disadvantages:
1- Low soft tissue contrast
2- Relatively insensitive and non-specific
3- Exposure to ionizing radiations
4- Contraindicated in pregnancy

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24
Q

……………….. One of the X–ray dependent imaging machines. But it uses low dose of ionizing radiation.

A

MAMMOGRAPHY

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25
mammograph is used in combination with ultrasound which is called mammo-ultrasound reebok, why do we use them together?
Because mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)
26
Why mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)
Below age of 50 years the breast is denser because the higher proportion of glandular breast tissue. it leads to high false negative results.
27
Why mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)
Below age of 50 years the breast is denser because the higher proportion of glandular breast tissue. it leads to high false negative results.
28
What are the characteristics of breast cancer ?
1- irregular margin 2- thread-like extensions 3- high density mass, and 4-contain micro-calcifications.
29
……..……… type of breast carcinoma is often occult on mammograms
lobular
30
views of mammography
-Cranio-caudal -Medio-lateral oblique
31
Advantages and Disadvantages of MAMMOGRAPHY are :
Advantages: 1- High quality x-ray images 2- Detection of microcalcification Disadvantages: 1- The technique is slightly painful 2 Not suitable for young females or lactating breast
32
Types of transducers are :
1- Convex 2- Linear 3- Cavitary
33
Transducers device For large organs e.g. abdominal organs is ……….
Convex
34
Transducers device For superficial structures e.g. thyroid, breast muscles
Linear
35
Transducers device For transrectal examination
Cavitary
36
Ultrasound is especially important in detection of metastases in a…………….. organ such as liver. •Ultrasound is also important in distinguishing……… from……… masses.
1-parenchymal 2- cystic from solid
37
……………is especially important in detection of metastases in a parenchymal organ such as liver. also it’s important in distinguishing cystic from solid masses.
Ultrasound
38
………… and………do not allow the ultrasound to pass through and reflect it
Bone and air **so it is difficult to examine structures or tissue located behind bone or an air pocket e.g. brain tissue in adults +emphysema
39
Advantages and disadvantages of the endoscopic ultrasound
Advantages: 1- Real time images. 2-Low cost. 3-No radiation exposure. 4-Good soft tissue contrast and differentiate between solid and cystic lesions. 5- Characteristics of blood flow can be determined. *Contraindications: None Disadvantages 1- Operator dependent. 2-Unsatisfactory resolution in fatty patients and patients with excessive abdominal gases.
40
The best machine for diagnosing the chest is …………
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
41
What is the Concept of ULTRASONOGRAPHY ?
1- Using ultrasonic waves with frequencies higher than the audible sound range to create images of reflected sound waves. 2- Sound waves are transmitted into the body tissues then reflected back into the transducer in different degrees according to the nature of the tissues. 3- They are interpreted by a computer that converts waves to a picture.
42
An important field of application of Ultrasonography is endoscopic ultrasound, where ultrasound is carried out in certain hollow organs, including the………..,…………. and……..
1-esophagus 2-rectum 3- vagina
43
The most benefit of using the Endoscopic ultrasound is ……..
It helps in detection of any abnormalities in any area very early And it can detects the small masses
44
Many types of multislice CT are available nowadays starting from……. to ……… slices.
4 to 640
45
CT can detect small lesions with details as small as……….. mm can be visualized when the application is used correctly.
0.5
46
1- In the CT We can give the patient……….. which make the bowel loop/walls clearer. 2- in the CT we can give the patient……….. to show the hyperactive lesion or tumor because it is highly vascular. So, it will take the contrast and become hyperdense rapidly
1- oral contrast 2-intravenous contrast
47
What are the Indications and Contraindications of using CT device ?
Indications: 1- Surgical planning and pre-operative staging of tumors. 2- Post-operative follow-up. 3- It is a good imaging guidance for biopsy,drainage and other interventional procedures. Contraindications: 1- Pregnancy. 2- History of allergy to contrast media.
48
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of using CT device?
Advantages: 1- Short time of scanning 2- Can detect small lesions 3- Measures different tissue densities. 4- Other applications CTA, CTU ….. Disadvantages: 1- High dose of exposure to ionizing radiation. 2- Relatively high cost. 3- Hazards of contrast media. 4- Contraindicated in pregnency
49
Concept of MR imaging :
1- Patient is placed in a strong magnetic field(1.5/3Tesla). 2- the magnetic field causes the protons in the hydrogen atom within the patient to all “line-up” at same direction of a magnet. 3-When a high radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic pulse is sent from the magnet to the human body, it knocks many of the protons out of alignment. 4- A very sensitive radio antenna (coil) "listens/ receive" the "resonance" of RF signal then images are reconstructed via computer analysis.
50
When the Fluid appear black (Hypointense) in MRI it is T1-WI / T2-WI
T1-WI
51
When the Fluid appear white (Hyperintense) in the MRI it is: T1-WI / T2-WI
T2-WI
52
……………and ……………..are the basic imaging sequences in the MRI.
T1-weighted T2-weighted images
53
What are the Indications and the Contraindications of using MRI ?
Indications: 1- For pt who can’t get iodinated contrast 2-Evaluation of lesions not seen on US or CT 3-Biliary and pancreatic duct evaluation (MRCP) 4-Vascular and cardiac evaluation (MRA) Contraindications: 1-Patients with MRI incompatible devices (pacemaker or metals in the region examined).
54
What are the Indications and the Contraindications of using MRI ?
Indications: 1- For pt who can’t get iodinated contrast 2-Evaluation of lesions not seen on US or CT 3-Biliary and pancreatic duct evaluation (MRCP) 4-Vascular and cardiac evaluation (MRA) Contraindications: 1-Patients with MRI incompatible devices (pacemaker or metals in the region examined).
55
The best radiological modality to differentiate between soft tissues is …..
MRI
56
Bone metastases can be visualized earlier in X-ray / MRI examination.
MRI
57
Bone metastases can be visualized earlier in X-ray / MRI examination.
MRI
58
it is considered as metabolic investigation. So, it is used to detect the activity of certain organ by using radioactive material…………
RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING
59
In RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING if the organ take high amount of the radioactive material, it indicates……………..
high metabolic activity
60
*In RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING if the organ take low amount of the radioactive material, it indicates……….. * if the organ take normal amount of the radioactive material, it indicates ………… metabolic activity
1- low metabolic activity 2-normal
61
The Concept of RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING is : ( step by step)
1- A radioactive material (radionuclide) “tagged”to other substances (to accentuate end-organ uptake) is administered to the patient.This substance can be injected, taken orally, or inhaled. 2- Gamma rays are emitted from the patient and detected by the gamma camera. 3- Data were translated into images (static images) or histogram (curve) and interpreted by the specialist
62
The organs commonly examined by radionuclide are the…………,………….,………., and ………..
1- kidneys 2-thyroid 3-heart 4- bone
63
The most frequently used in the RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING are:……….., ……………and………….
1- 99mTc 2- radioactive iodine 3-Thallium
64
What are the Indications and Contraindication of using RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING ?
Indications: 1-Morphological and functional information of different body systems Contraindication: 1-Pregnancy
65
What are the Disadvantages and Advantages of using RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING ?
Advantages: • Non invasive • Low radiation dose. Disadvantages: • Low resolution images. • Non specific • The examined patient emits gamma rays
66
…………. areas which take radionuclide more than the surrounding tissues.
Hot areas:
67
…………..areas which did not take the radionuclide or take it to a lesser degree than the surrounding tissues.
Cold areas
68
…………….. Commonly used as screening test for bone metastasis
Bone scan * Sensitive but not specific
69
The major difference between PET scanning and other imaging techniques is …………..
PET scanning particularly visualizes metabolic changes in tissues.
70
A radiopharmaceutical commonly used in PET scanning is……………. to which an isotope with a short half-life (2 hours) is coupled.
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
71
A radiopharmaceutical commonly used in PET scanning is……………. to which an isotope with a short half-life (2 hours) is coupled.
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)
72
Why the PET scanning is a valuable tool in oncology ?
because of the increased anaerobic glycolysis in malignant tumors can be visualized well with FDG.
73
PET scanning is used for:
• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities • Detection of lymph node metastases • Staging assessment • Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases • Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis. • Therapy evaluation.
74
PET scanning is used for:
• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities • Detection of lymph node metastases • Staging assessment • Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases • Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis. • Therapy evaluation.
75
PET scanning is used for:
• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities • Detection of lymph node metastases • Staging assessment • Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases • Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis. • Therapy evaluation.
76
PET scanning is used for:
• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities • Detection of lymph node metastases • Staging assessment • Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases • Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis. • Therapy evaluation.
77
Two technical developments increasingly enable imaging to support the diagnostic and therapeutic process in oncology:
1. Image reconstruction 2. Image fusion
78
Two technical developments increasingly enable imaging to support the diagnostic and therapeutic process in oncology:
1. Image reconstruction 2. Image fusion
79
What are the factors determine the choice of imaging modality?
the extent of the suspected abnormality to the healthy surrounding tissue. The site and clinical behavior of different tumors • Screening •Local or disseminated • Follow up • Guided biopsy

Third Year 🔗 (7 decks)

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