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Third Year 🔗 > Radiological diagnosis of cancer > Flashcards

Radiological diagnosis of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Screening is important in oncology for several reasons:

A

1- Detection of tumor.
2- Tumor staging.
3- Follow up:
Evaluation of therapeutic response.
Complications of treatments.
Recurrence.

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2
Q

Early detection of cancer before symptoms and signs appear.

A

Screening

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3
Q

Radiological screening involves screening everyone, usually within a……….. or……….

A

1- specific age
2- high risk group

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4
Q

1- ………….and……….. are the most common examples of radiological screening for cancer breast in females.
2- …………scan for lung cancer

A

1- Ultrasonography and mammography

2- CT

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5
Q

1- ………….and……….. are the most common examples of radiological screening for cancer breast in females.
2- …………scan for lung cancer

A

1- Ultrasonography and mammography

2- CT

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6
Q

( Types of Radiological & Imaging Modailties)

1-if I suspect a problem in thyroid , I will do an ………..
2-If I suspect in breast, I will do ………….+ ……………
3-If I suspect in Chest or in lung I will do a……….
4- If I suspect in Spine ,brain we will do an……….

A

1- ultrasound
2- ultrasound+ mammogram
3- CT
4- MRI

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7
Q

the extent of the absorption of X-ray depends on the……… of the tissue and its…………

A

1- density
2- chemical composition

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8
Q

Air absorbs few X-rays; therefore air shows up………… on an X- ray (radiolucent).

A

black

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9
Q

Air absorbs few X-rays; therefore air shows up black on an X- ray ………..
This is radiolucent or radio-opaque?

A

radiolucent

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10
Q

Calcium, abundant in bone, absorbs more X-rays and shows up white shadow.

This is radiolucent or radio-opaque?

A

radio-opaque

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11
Q

…………..and…………. absorb X-rays significantly, So they used in
X-ray contrast media, which can fill …………that subsequently show up white.

A

1- Iodine and barium

2- barium

3- hollow organs

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12
Q

Tissues not absorb X-ray or Minimally absorb X –ray are [Radiolucent/ Radio-opaque]

A

Radiolucent

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13
Q

Tissues significantly absorb X -ray are [Radiolucent/ Radio-opaque]

A

Radio-opaque

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14
Q

On a chest X-ray, healthy lung tissue containing air shows up [darker (radiolucent)/ lighter radio-opaque] than calcium-containing ribs wich are (radiolucent)/(radio-opaque).

A

1- darker (radio-lucent)
2- radio-opaque

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15
Q

If there is a tumor or inflamed tissue at a specific site in the lung, [more/ less] X-rays will be absorbed at that site; the abnormality is therefore visualized as a [dark area /brighter area (density).]

A

1- more

2- brighter area (density).

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16
Q

If for example we have radio-opaque in the lung area it means there is………. tissue.

A

abnormal

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17
Q

The sensitivity of X-ray examination depends on the……… and…….. of the mass

A

size and density of the mass

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18
Q

A non calcified abnormality in the lung must be larger than………… cm to be visible on a chest X-ray

A

1 cm

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19
Q

What is the difference between non calcified and calcified lesions in chest X-ray

A

A non calcified abnormality in the lung must be larger than 1cm to be visible on a chest X-ray; however, calcified lesions (ex.calcified old inflammatory lesions) needs size of only few millimeters to be visible on chest X-ray.

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20
Q

mass density depends on the mass component like…………..

A

calcium

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21
Q

Bone metastases often only become visible when at least……….. of the calcium at the site of the metastasis has disappeared. So, conventional X-ray can not detect early bone metastasis.

A

40%

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22
Q

Most of metastasis lesions appear
as …………..

A

hypodensity

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23
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of X-ray

A

Advantages:
1-Inexpensive
2- Widely available
3- Covers a large area of the body quickly
Disadvantages:
1- Low soft tissue contrast
2- Relatively insensitive and non-specific
3- Exposure to ionizing radiations
4- Contraindicated in pregnancy

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24
Q

……………….. One of the X–ray dependent imaging machines. But it uses low dose of ionizing radiation.

A

MAMMOGRAPHY

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25
Q

mammograph is used in combination with ultrasound which is called
mammo-ultrasound reebok, why do we use them together?

A

Because mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)

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26
Q

Why mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)

A

Below age of 50 years the breast is denser because the
higher proportion of glandular breast tissue. it leads to high
false negative results.

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27
Q

Why mammograph has a limitation in young female (younger than 50 years old)

A

Below age of 50 years the breast is denser because the
higher proportion of glandular breast tissue. it leads to high
false negative results.

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of breast cancer ?

A

1- irregular margin
2- thread-like extensions
3- high density mass, and
4-contain micro-calcifications.

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29
Q

……..……… type of breast carcinoma is often occult on mammograms

A

lobular

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30
Q

views of mammography

A

-Cranio-caudal
-Medio-lateral oblique

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31
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of MAMMOGRAPHY are :

A

Advantages:
1- High quality x-ray images
2- Detection of microcalcification
Disadvantages:
1- The technique is slightly painful
2 Not suitable for young females or lactating breast

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32
Q

Types of transducers are :

A

1- Convex
2- Linear
3- Cavitary

33
Q

Transducers device For large organs e.g. abdominal organs is ……….

A

Convex

34
Q

Transducers device For superficial structures e.g. thyroid, breast muscles

A

Linear

35
Q

Transducers device For transrectal examination

A

Cavitary

36
Q

Ultrasound is especially important in detection of metastases in a…………….. organ such as liver.
•Ultrasound is also important in distinguishing……… from……… masses.

A

1-parenchymal
2- cystic from solid

37
Q

……………is especially important in detection of metastases in a parenchymal organ such as liver.
also it’s important in distinguishing cystic from solid masses.

A

Ultrasound

38
Q

………… and………do not allow the ultrasound to pass through and reflect it

A

Bone and air

**so it is difficult to examine structures or tissue located behind bone or an air pocket e.g. brain tissue in adults +emphysema

39
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of the endoscopic ultrasound

A

Advantages:
1- Real time images.
2-Low cost.
3-No radiation exposure.
4-Good soft tissue contrast and differentiate between solid and cystic lesions.
5- Characteristics of blood flow can be determined.

*Contraindications: None

Disadvantages
1- Operator dependent.
2-Unsatisfactory resolution in fatty patients and patients with excessive abdominal gases.

40
Q

The best machine for diagnosing the chest is …………

A

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

41
Q

What is the Concept of ULTRASONOGRAPHY ?

A

1- Using ultrasonic waves with frequencies higher than the audible sound range to create images of reflected sound waves.
2- Sound waves are transmitted into the body tissues then reflected back into the transducer in different degrees according to the nature of the tissues.
3- They are interpreted by a computer that converts waves to a
picture.

42
Q

An important field of application of Ultrasonography is endoscopic ultrasound, where ultrasound is carried out in certain hollow organs, including the………..,…………. and……..

A

1-esophagus
2-rectum
3- vagina

43
Q

The most benefit of using the Endoscopic ultrasound is ……..

A

It helps in detection of any abnormalities in any area very early
And it can detects the small masses

44
Q

Many types of multislice CT are available nowadays starting from……. to
……… slices.

A

4 to 640

45
Q

CT can detect small lesions with details as small as……….. mm can be visualized when the application is used
correctly.

A

0.5

46
Q

1- In the CT We can give the patient……….. which make the bowel loop/walls clearer.
2- in the CT we can give the patient……….. to show the hyperactive lesion or tumor because it is highly vascular. So, it will take the contrast and become hyperdense rapidly

A

1- oral contrast
2-intravenous contrast

47
Q

What are the Indications and Contraindications of using CT device ?

A

Indications:
1- Surgical planning and pre-operative staging of tumors.
2- Post-operative follow-up.
3- It is a good imaging guidance for biopsy,drainage and other interventional procedures.
Contraindications:
1- Pregnancy.
2- History of allergy to contrast media.

48
Q

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of using CT device?

A

Advantages:
1- Short time of scanning
2- Can detect small lesions
3- Measures different tissue densities.
4- Other applications CTA, CTU …..
Disadvantages:
1- High dose of exposure to ionizing radiation.
2- Relatively high cost.
3- Hazards of contrast media.
4- Contraindicated in pregnency

49
Q

Concept of MR imaging :

A

1- Patient is placed in a strong magnetic field(1.5/3Tesla).
2- the magnetic field causes the protons in the hydrogen atom within the patient to all “line-up” at same direction of a magnet.
3-When a high radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic pulse is sent from the magnet to the human body, it knocks many of the protons out of alignment.
4- A very sensitive radio antenna (coil) “listens/ receive” the “resonance” of RF signal then images are reconstructed via computer analysis.

50
Q

When the Fluid appear black (Hypointense) in MRI it is T1-WI / T2-WI

A

T1-WI

51
Q

When the Fluid appear white (Hyperintense) in the MRI it is: T1-WI / T2-WI

A

T2-WI

52
Q

……………and ……………..are the basic imaging sequences in the MRI.

A

T1-weighted

T2-weighted images

53
Q

What are the Indications and the Contraindications of using MRI ?

A

Indications:
1- For pt who can’t get iodinated contrast
2-Evaluation of lesions not seen on US or CT
3-Biliary and pancreatic duct evaluation (MRCP)
4-Vascular and cardiac evaluation (MRA)
Contraindications:
1-Patients with MRI incompatible devices (pacemaker or
metals in the region examined).

54
Q

What are the Indications and the Contraindications of using MRI ?

A

Indications:
1- For pt who can’t get iodinated contrast
2-Evaluation of lesions not seen on US or CT
3-Biliary and pancreatic duct evaluation (MRCP)
4-Vascular and cardiac evaluation (MRA)
Contraindications:
1-Patients with MRI incompatible devices (pacemaker or
metals in the region examined).

55
Q

The best radiological modality to differentiate between soft tissues is …..

A

MRI

56
Q

Bone metastases can be visualized earlier in X-ray / MRI examination.

A

MRI

57
Q

Bone metastases can be visualized earlier in X-ray / MRI examination.

A

MRI

58
Q

it is considered as metabolic investigation. So, it is used to detect the activity of certain organ by using radioactive material…………

A

RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING

59
Q

In RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING if the organ take high amount of the radioactive material, it indicates……………..

A

high metabolic activity

60
Q

*In RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING if the organ take low amount of the radioactive material, it indicates………..
* if the organ take normal amount of the radioactive material, it indicates ………… metabolic activity

A

1- low metabolic activity
2-normal

61
Q

The Concept of RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING is : ( step by step)

A

1- A radioactive material (radionuclide) “tagged”to other substances (to accentuate end-organ uptake) is administered to the patient.This substance can be injected, taken orally, or inhaled.

2- Gamma rays are emitted from the patient and detected by the gamma camera.

3- Data were translated into images (static images) or histogram (curve) and interpreted by the specialist

62
Q

The organs commonly examined by radionuclide are the…………,………….,………., and
………..

A

1- kidneys
2-thyroid
3-heart
4- bone

63
Q

The most frequently used in the RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING are:………..,
……………and………….

A

1- 99mTc
2- radioactive iodine
3-Thallium

64
Q

What are the Indications and Contraindication of using RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING ?

A

Indications:
1-Morphological and functional information of different body systems
Contraindication:
1-Pregnancy

65
Q

What are the Disadvantages and Advantages of using RADIOISOTOPE SCANNING ?

A

Advantages:
• Non invasive
• Low radiation dose.
Disadvantages:
• Low resolution images.
• Non specific
• The examined patient emits gamma rays

66
Q

…………. areas which take radionuclide more than the surrounding tissues.

A

Hot areas:

67
Q

…………..areas which did not take the radionuclide or take it to a lesser degree than the surrounding tissues.

A

Cold areas

68
Q

…………….. Commonly used as screening test for bone metastasis

A

Bone scan

  • Sensitive but not specific
69
Q

The major difference between PET scanning and other imaging techniques is …………..

A

PET scanning particularly visualizes metabolic changes in tissues.

70
Q

A radiopharmaceutical commonly used in PET scanning is……………. to which an isotope with a
short half-life (2 hours) is coupled.

A

fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

71
Q

A radiopharmaceutical commonly used in PET scanning is……………. to which an isotope with a
short half-life (2 hours) is coupled.

A

fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

72
Q

Why the PET scanning is a valuable tool in oncology ?

A

because of the increased anaerobic glycolysis in malignant tumors can be visualized well with FDG.

73
Q

PET scanning is used for:

A

• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities
• Detection of lymph node metastases
• Staging assessment
• Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases
• Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis.
• Therapy evaluation.

74
Q

PET scanning is used for:

A

• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities
• Detection of lymph node metastases
• Staging assessment
• Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases
• Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis.
• Therapy evaluation.

75
Q

PET scanning is used for:

A

• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities
• Detection of lymph node metastases
• Staging assessment
• Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases
• Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis.
• Therapy evaluation.

76
Q

PET scanning is used for:

A

• Differentiate benign from malignant radiological abnormalities
• Detection of lymph node metastases
• Staging assessment
• Detection of unknown primary tumors that have already caused clinically detectable metastases
• Discrimination between tumor recurrence and fibrosis.
• Therapy evaluation.

77
Q

Two technical developments increasingly enable imaging to support the diagnostic and therapeutic
process in oncology:

A
  1. Image reconstruction
  2. Image fusion
78
Q

Two technical developments increasingly enable imaging to support the diagnostic and therapeutic
process in oncology:

A
  1. Image reconstruction
  2. Image fusion
79
Q

What are the factors determine the choice of imaging modality?

A

the extent of the suspected abnormality
to the healthy surrounding tissue. The site
and clinical behavior of different tumors
• Screening
•Local or disseminated
• Follow up
• Guided biopsy

Third Year 🔗 (7 decks)

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