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Third Year 🔗 > Cancer immunology > Flashcards

Cancer immunology Flashcards

1
Q

…………..is one of the tumor antigens and tumor markers that raised in ovarian cancer

A

CA125

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2
Q

…………ensures that lymphocytes specific for different antigens keep on moving from circulation to the peripheral lymphoid organs.

A

Lymphocytes recirculation

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3
Q

The stages of Immunoediting of cancer cells :

A

1-(Elimination) refers to effective immune surveillance for clones that express TSA.
2-(Equilibrium) refers to the selection for resistant clones (red).
3-(Escape ) refers to the rapid proliferation of resistant clones in the immunocompetent host.

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4
Q

RAS protein which is normally [Active or inactive]

A

inactive

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5
Q

BRCA1, BRCA 2 are Mutated [oncogene/Tumor suppressor gene] products

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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6
Q

BCR/ABL Fusion proteins is Mutated [oncogene/Tumor suppressor gene] products

A

oncogene

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7
Q

HER2/NEU is Mutated [oncogene/Tumor suppressor gene] products

A

oncogene

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8
Q

RAS is Mutated [oncogene/Tumor suppressor gene] products

A

oncogene

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9
Q

WT genes is Mutated [oncogene/Tumor suppressor gene] products

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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10
Q

BRCA1 & BRCA2: genes for……….. cancer

A

breast

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11
Q

HER2/NEU is growth factor receptor usually seen in………. cancer and known as………..

A

1-breast
2-ERBB2

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12
Q

Example of Overexpression of normal proteins in the tumour antigen:

A

1-Tyrosinase, in melanoma
2-Cancer-testis antigens (CTA)

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13
Q

…………………. And ………………identified CTA ( Cancer-testis antigens) as ideal targets for tumor-specific …………….and……………..

A

1- The tumor-restricted pattern of expression and strong in vivo immunogenicity

2- immunotherapeutic and vaccine therapy

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14
Q

Examples of Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) is :

A

1-MAGE (Melanoma Antigen Gene) family of genes
2- BAGE

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15
Q

Tumor Antigens include products of

A

1- mutated proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes .
2-Mutated self proteins.
3- overexpressed or aberrantly expressed proteins.
4- viral oncogenic antigens.
5-onco-fetal antigens.
6- altered glycolipids and glycoproteins.
7- cell type–specific differentiation antigens.

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16
Q

Expressed during fetal (embryonic life), but normally are not expressed (silent)
during adult life.

A

Oncofetal antigens

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17
Q

What it is the cause of expression of the oncofetal antigens in the cell cancer ?

A

the adults there is a repression of these genes normally. In the
cancer cells, this repression is removed, what we call (de-repression)

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18
Q

What is the types of oncofetal antigens ?

A
  1. Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP)
  2. Carcino-Embryonic Antigen
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19
Q

What is the difference between Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) and Carcino-Embryonic Antigen ? ( areas of the cancer )

A
  1. Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) in hepatocellular (Primary liver cell carcinoma)
    carcinoma and some germ cell tumors (ovarian and testicular tumors)
  2. Carcino-Embryonic Antigen in Colon, lung and other cancers
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20
Q

What is the difference between Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) and Carcino-Embryonic Antigen ? ( areas of the cancer )

A
  1. Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) in hepatocellular (Primary liver cell carcinoma)
    carcinoma and some germ cell tumors (ovarian and testicular tumors)
  2. Carcino-Embryonic Antigen in Colon, lung and other cancers
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21
Q

What is the difference between Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) and Carcino-Embryonic Antigen ? ( areas of the cancer )

A
  1. Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP) in hepatocellular (Primary liver cell carcinoma)
    carcinoma and some germ cell tumors (ovarian and testicular tumors)
  2. Carcino-Embryonic Antigen in Colon, lung and other cancers
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22
Q

We can detect B cell lymphoma by their expression of…………

A

CD20

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23
Q

Example of Cell type specific differentiation proteins in tumor antigen is :

A

CD-20 in B cell lymphoma

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24
Q

CD-20 in B cell lymphoma is example of :

A

Cell type specific differentiation proteins in tumor antigen

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25
Q

Examples of Altered Cell Surface Glycolipids and Glycoproteins are :

A

Glycolipids : Gangliosides,
Glycoproteins : blood group antigens + mucins (CA-125 and CA-19-9, expressed on ovarian carcinomas & MUC-1, on breast carcinomas)

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26
Q

The most important cells in killing tumor and tumor associating cells and in determining the effective immunity against tumor cell are………………

A

CD8+ t lymphocyte

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27
Q

Driver mutations /Passenger mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that initiate transformation and confer growth self-sufficiency

A

Driver mutations

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28
Q

Driver mutations /Passenger mutations due to genetic instability that confer hallmarks
of cancer and survival advantage.

A

Passenger

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29
Q

*We can find Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) in the ………. And …….
* if these genes get expressed in cells other than testis and placenta = …….………

A

1- testis
2- placenta.
3- tumor

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30
Q

………………….. is a tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and some germ cell tumors (ovarian and testicular tumors)
…………………..is a tumor marker for colon and lung cancer.

*Hint: the answers are Oncofetal antigens

A

Alpha Feto-Protein (AFP)

Carcino-Embryonic Antigen

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31
Q

The CD20 antigen is restricted to B cells. Its expression starts at the……..
of B cell ontogeny and continues until the………… stage. CD20 is not expressed on either precursor lymphoid cells or in the vast majority of plasma cells

A

1- pre-B stage

2- immunoblast

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32
Q

…………is a monoclonal (anti CD20) that we can use to treat CD20 in B cell lymphoma.

A

Rituximab

33
Q

CA-125 is important for diagnosis and prognosis for……….. cancer

A

ovarian

34
Q

MUC-1 expressed on ……………

A

on breast carcinomas

35
Q

…………and………..expressed on ovarian carcinomas

A

1-CA-125
2- CA-19-9

36
Q

Hepatitis B virus leads to ………….

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

37
Q

Human papillomavirus leads to …………..

A

Cervical cancer and other anogental neoplasm

38
Q

Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) leads to …….

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

39
Q

Epstein Barr virus ( EBV) leads to ……….

A

1-Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
2- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
3- Burkitt’s lymphoma
4- Lymphomas

40
Q

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) leads to ………..

A

Merkel cell carcinoma

41
Q

Human T-cell lymphoma virus leads to ……….

A

Adult T-cell lymphoma/ leukaemia

42
Q

…………… proteins in EBV-induced Lymphoma

A

EBNA

43
Q

Antigens derived from inside the cell called ………………. antigens.
processed and presented by………………. pathway
➡️ recognized by…………….

A

1-endogenous

2- MHC 1

3- CD8+ cells

44
Q

Antigens derived from outside the cell are ……….. antigens.
processed and presented by……………. pathway

A

1- exogenous

2- MHC 2

45
Q

We have two types of responses
- The……… against endogenous and intracellular proteins.
- The ………response is against exogenous proteins.
- The tumor antigens are produced inside the cells and against such
cells so we need………….. response

A

1- CTL (CD+8)

2- T helper cell

3- CTL

46
Q

………….recognize only protein antigens, while
………….recognize proteins, carbohydrates,nucleic acid, lipids, …etc.

A

1-T-lymphocyte
2- B-lymphocyte

47
Q

Presentation of tumor neoantigens with MHC class I molecules is ………..……..

A

(antigen cross-presentation)

48
Q

For the activation of T lymphocyte, the activation signals are classified into three classifications
What is the signal 1?

A

Signal 1 is engagement of MHC I antigen complex with TCR (T-cell receptors).

49
Q

For the activation of T lymphocyte, the activation signals are classified into three classifications
What is the signal 2 ?

A

Signal 2 is engagement of the costimulatory molecules CD28 on T-cell and B7 on the dendritic cells.

50
Q

For the activation of T lymphocyte, the activation signals are classified into three classifications
What is the signal 3 ?

A

Signal 3 cytokine release:

1– perforin: a protein which produces perforation in the membrane.
2- - Granzyme: cytolytic enzymes thatproduces protein lysis and apoptosis.

51
Q

CD8+ T lymphocytes expresses ………………..which has the same ligand of CD 28 (i.e., B7). Thus,
B7 could bind with both …………and……….. If B7 binds with CD 28, it sends stimulatory signals
and T cell will be……….. On the other hand, if B7 binds with CTLA-4, it will send
…………….signals and T cell will be inactivated

A

1- CTLA-4
2-CD28 and CTLA-4.
3-activated
4- inhibitory

52
Q

The difference between extracellular and intracellular ( regions of CAR-T Cell)

A

1- extracellular part : which is antibody directed against tumor antigen

2–intracellular domain that deliver activating signals.

53
Q

Ø Tumors that fail to express MHC class I antigens cannot be recognized by……… cells, but may trigger…… cells.

Ø NK cells recognize MHC I negative cells through…… proteins that bind with stress induced antigens on transformed cells.

A

1- T cells
2- NK cells ( Natural Killer Cells)
3- NKG2D

54
Q

Lytic activity of NK cell is enhanced with…………

A

IL2

55
Q

………..cells are particularly useful against tumor cells which stopped expressing MHC-1.

A

NK

56
Q

Tumor cells decrease expression of MHC1 to escape
CTLs, but then they get caught by…………

A

Natural Killer cells.

57
Q

PD-1 (on CTL) and PD-L1 (on tumor cells) are important immune………. Inhibitors of……… function.

A

1-checkpoint
2- CTL (suppress CTL function )

58
Q

Aberrantly expressed ( tumour antigens) are :

1- ………

2- ……….

A

1- MAGE
2-BAGE

59
Q

Human papilloma virus……….. and ………..proteins in the cervical carcinoma

…………… proteins in the EBV induced lymphoma

A

1- E6 + E7

2- EBNA

60
Q

…………… Cell-mediated immunity is the dominant antitumor mechanism in vivo

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

61
Q

What are the function of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes:

A

1-MHC-restricted CD8+ cells can kill autologous tumor cells

2-Protective role against virus-associated neoplasms (e.g., EBV induced Burkitt
lymphoma, HPV-induced tumors).

62
Q

steps of Immune reactions to cancers :

A

1- Presentation of tumor neoantigens with MHC class I molecules (antigen cross-presentation)
2- Recognition by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells
3- Activation, Proliferation and Differentiation into active CTLs
4- Homing to the site of the tumor
5- Recognition and killing of tumor cells. I

63
Q

CD8+ T lymphocytes could be activated by………. and this activation could be enhanced by…………..

CD4+ T lymphocyte will release…………….. which is an activator of CD8+ T lymphocyte and this is called
antigen cross presentation.

A

1- dendritic cells
2- CD4+ T lymphocyte
3- interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

64
Q

PD-1 on ………….and PD-L1 on ………is an important immune checkpoint.
• PD-1, PD-L1 interaction leads to…………..

A

1-CTL

2-tumor cells

3- CTL unresponsiveness

65
Q

………….: a protein which produces perforation in the membrane.

A

perforin

66
Q

……………: cytolytic enzymes that produces protein lysis and apoptosis

A
  • Granzyme
67
Q

B7 can bind to both……. and………..

A

1-CD28

2-CTLA-4

68
Q

When B7 binds to CD28, it transmits [stimulatory/ inhibitory] signals to the T cell, leading to T-cell [activation/ inactivation]. if B7 binds to CTLA-4, it sends [stimulatory/ inhibitory] signals, resulting in T-cell [activation/ inactivation]. .

The binding of B7 to CTLA-4 acts as …………….

A

1- stimulatory
2- activation
3- inhibitory
4-inactivation

5- a regulatory mechanism to prevent excessive or prolonged T-cell activation.

69
Q

So there are 2 immune checkpoints blockages that we are directing at to activate CTLs and prevent their blockage:

1-
2-

A
  1. Anti-PD-1 Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies
  2. And anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies
70
Q

What is the function of CAR-T cells?

A

CAR-T helps T-cells attach to specific cancer cell antigen.

71
Q

Patient………. are harvested and engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR).

A

CTLs

72
Q

T cells, NK cells, and macrophages may collaborate in antitumor reactivity, because…………, secreted by T cells and NK cells, is a potent activator of macrophages

A

IFN-γ

73
Q

Activated macrophages kill tumors by mechanisms similar to those used to kill microbes :
1 - …………………….
2- or by secretion of………….

A

1- (production of reactive oxygen metabolites)

2- TNF

74
Q

Tumor immune evasion mechanisms include :

A

1.Selective outgrowth of antigen-negative variants.
2- Loss or reduced expression of histocompatibility molecules MHC I genes.
3- Immunosuppression.
4. Antigen masking

75
Q

The tumor cells can induce tumor suppression by
different mechanisms (examples) :

A

ØProduce immunosuppressive cytokines like TGF-β.
ØEngagement of the T cell inhibitory receptor, CTLA-4
ØActivation of regulatory T cells.
ØMay express FasL that engages with Fas on immune cell and induce the apoptosis.

76
Q

………….which is an inhibitory cytokine that inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes. Therefore, they inhibit the immune response

A

TGF-β

77
Q

Antigen masking: tumor cells can cover their surface with………. molecule which can prevent the binding of antigen specific immune cells.

A

1- glycocalyx

78
Q

The cell surface tumor antigen may be hidden from the immune system by glycocalyx molecules such as……… This phenomenon is called………

A

1- sialic acid

2- antigen masking

79
Q

…………….. Thick coat of external glycocalyx molecules, (sialic acid–containing mucopolysaccharides, than normal cells).

*Access to immune cells is blocked

A

antigen masking

Third Year 🔗 (7 decks)

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