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Radiography > Radiography > Flashcards

Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

What bulb wattage would you use in a safe light?

A

15w

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2
Q

The active ingredient in developer is

A

Phenidone - hydroquinone

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3
Q

Optimum temperature for a manual processing developer is

A

20oc

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4
Q

The active ingredient in fixer is

A

Ammonium thiosulphate

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5
Q

How long should a radiograph be washed for prior to drying

A

15-30 min

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6
Q

What stage is omitted from an automatic processor

A

Rinse/stop bath

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7
Q

At what temperature should automatic processing chemicals be kept?

A

28oc

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8
Q

The quantity of xrays produced depends on

A

Miliamperage and length of the exposure

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9
Q

Blurring of one part of the film will occur due to

A

Poor screen film contact

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10
Q

Out of metal, bone, fat and soft tissue which is the most radiolucent?

A

Fat

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11
Q

Which combination will give you the best definition?

A

Slow film, slow screen

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12
Q

Which one affects the quality of the xray beam?

A

The kilovoltage

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13
Q

White patches on a film may be caused by

A

Fixer splashes onto film before processing

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14
Q

Which one has a higher atomic number than bone?

A

Metal

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15
Q

Blackening of the film is caused by

A

Kilovoltage and miliamperage

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16
Q

The max dose of radiation a member of general public over 18 may receive in a year is

A

5msv

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17
Q

What could you use to reduce radiation hazards by the greatest amount?

A

Use of rare earth screens

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18
Q

Which affects radiographic contrast?

A

Kv

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19
Q

What will help to improve definition of x Ray image?

A

Use of a non screen film

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20
Q

An xray film is too dark that you have processed. How would you correct this error?

A

Reduce exposure time

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21
Q

A processed film is very grey with poor contrast between image and background
What could be the cause?

A

Film fogged by radiation

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22
Q

A rad of an aesthesthetised animal is blurred what might be the cause?

A

Poor film/screen contact

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23
Q

What mark or artefact would insufficient washing after fixation leave on a finished radiograph?

A

Yellow stains

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24
Q

What are the two major components of an x Ray film emulsion?

A

Gelatin and silver halides

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25
Q

What are advantages of rare earth screens?

A

Decreased patient dose
Improved image quality
Reduced tube current

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26
Q

What film fault is responsible for white spots on radiograph?

A

Dirt on intensifyinh screen

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27
Q

Chemicals that are a constituent of the fixer?

A

Ammonium thiosulphate
Boric acid
Sodium acetate

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28
Q

Which is the fixing agent used in a fixer?

A

Ammonium thiosulphate

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29
Q

Which is removed from the film during fixing?

A

Silver halide

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30
Q

Where would you find an intensifying screen?

A

In an x Ray casette

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31
Q

You have developed a radiograph using the wet tank methid and film has turned out yellow. What is this due to?

A

Fixing time is too short

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32
Q

When taking a ventro dorsal rad if the cervical spine, the disc spaces will be viewed most accurately if

A

The neck is supported with sand bags

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33
Q

When positioning a dog for a bva/kennel club hip radiograph, the beam should be centred on

A

The public symphysis

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34
Q

Use of rare earth screens may decrease exposure factors by

A

90%

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35
Q

The speed of the intensifying screen is increased by

A

A thick fluorescent layer of large crystals

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36
Q

What effect will faster speed have on the definition of film image

A

Decreased

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37
Q

What is the exposure fault of a rad with a pale image, of high contrast on a dark background?

A

Kv too low

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38
Q

The use of a grid requires an increase in the

A

Mas

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39
Q

The latent image of the exposed radiation is the result of

A

Exposure to light/x Ray photons

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40
Q

If you were developing non screen film manually, how much longer would you leave the film in developer compared to screen film?

A

Double the normal developing time

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41
Q

What crystal may be found in the rare earth screens?

A

Gadolinium oxysulphide

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42
Q

What exposure function affects the amount of x rays produced?

A

Ma

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43
Q

The reflective layer of intensifying screen is to

A

Reflect light photons back towards the film

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44
Q

The latent image of the exposed radiation is of

A

Exposure to light/x Ray photons

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45
Q

When developing a non screen film manually how much longer would you leave film in developer compared to screen film?

A

Double the normal developing time

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46
Q

What crystal may be found in the rare earth screens?

A

Gadolinium oxysulphide

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47
Q

What function affects the amount of x rays produced?

A

MA

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48
Q

The reflective layer of the intensifying is

A

To reflect light photons back towards the film

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49
Q

The visible differences between the varying shades of film image is called the

A

Contrast

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50
Q

The cloud of electrons Is produced at

A

The cathode

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51
Q

How much electron energy is lost via heat production?

A

99%

52
Q

What is the filter made of that x Rays have to pass through when leaving the tube head?

A

Aluminium

53
Q

The anode is

A

Negatively charged

54
Q

The target (anode) is set at which angle?

A

20oc

55
Q

What does kv control?

A

Penetrating power

56
Q

Which grid type will not result in presence of visible parallel lines on a radiograph?

A

Potter bucky

57
Q

The exposure for a lateral chest xray has 60kv 16mA at ffd of 75cm. What is correct mA if ffd is changed to 60cm

A

10mA

58
Q

Too high kv produces a film

A

Low in contrast

59
Q

Gas will show on a rad as

A

Nearly black

60
Q

Soft tissue on a rad will show as

A

Mid grey

61
Q

Underdeveloped film will produce an x Ray that’s

A

Too pale

62
Q

Stationary anode produces

A

Limited x ray production

63
Q

The envelope that contains anode and cathode is made from

A

Pyrex

64
Q

The focusing Cup in x Ray tube head is commonly made from which one of the following metals

A

Nickel

65
Q

The anode is made from what metal?

A

Tungsten

66
Q

The anode of the xray tube head attracts

A

Electrons

67
Q

1% energy used in tube head creates x Rays, the other 99% of energy is converted into

A

Heat

68
Q

In a stationary anode the target is embedded in a stem of

A

Copper

69
Q

The usable x ray beam comes from an area of the anode called the

A

Effective focal spot

70
Q

What does the kv NOT control?

A

Quantity of electrons produced at cathode

It does control the speed at which electrons travel, the penetration power of xray beam and the energy of the electrons

71
Q

What is the light sensitive part of x Ray film emulsion?

A

Silver halide crystals

72
Q

What film type is sensitive to green light?

A

Ortho chromatic film

73
Q

Which study would you use non screen film for?

A

Dorsal ventral view of the internal nares

74
Q

The phosphor calcium tungstate emits which colour of light when it fluoresces?

A

Blue

75
Q

What are advantages of using intensifying screen?

A

Reduces exposure time
Reduced movement blur
Decreased tube voltage

76
Q

Fast screen film combinations:

A

Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals

77
Q

Slow screen film combinations -

A

Have small silver halide crystals and small screen phosphor crystals

78
Q

Intensifying screens

A

Reduce exposure time
Reduce overall definition of finished radiograph
They’re very fragile and easily damaged
They are Not used singly

79
Q

Screen film contact can be checked by

A

Placing chicken wire over the x Ray casette, exposing film briefly to primary beam and then processing film

80
Q

If a proprietary brand of screen /casette cleaner is not available what produce would be best?

Options are hibiscrub, water, pevidine or saline

A

Water

81
Q

After cleaning casette what is best way to leave it to dry

A

Open standing upright, like a book

82
Q

Functions of x Ray casette

A

To hold intensifying screens and protect them from damage,
To exclude all light from casette
To maintain a close and uniform contact between screens and films

83
Q

What is x Ray film not sensitive to?

Options are gamma rays, radio waves, uv light or pressure

A

Radio waves

84
Q

A fast film requires

A

Short exposure time

85
Q

||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||

A

Is a parallel grid

86
Q

Grids are useful at absorbing

A

Scattered radiation

87
Q

What is a moving grid

A

A Potter bucky diaphragm

88
Q

Which of the following is least expensive type of grid

A parallel grid
Crossed
Focused
Pseudo focused

A

A parallel

89
Q

The usual time an x Ray film needs to be processed for is

A

3-5 mins

90
Q

Developer is

A

Alkaline

91
Q

A common chemical used as the stopping agent is

A

Acetic acid

92
Q

Fixing a film is done for which reason

A

Dissolve and removed the unexposed silver halides from x Ray film

93
Q

The emulsion of non screen film is thicker than that of screen film. What changes would you make to the processing time

A

Increase the devolment time and increase fixing time

94
Q

The accelerator potassium carbonate is often included in developer to

A

Increase alkalinity of developer

95
Q

Preservatives are included in developer to

A

Slow down the time it takes for developer to oxidise

96
Q

Restrainers are used in the developer to

A

Decrease amount of developmental fog

97
Q

A common preservative in fixer is

A

Sodium sulphite

98
Q

A radiograph can be viewed briefly in dark room after approximately how long in the fixer?

A

1minute

99
Q

Buffers are included in the fixer to

A

Maintain PH of fixer

100
Q

How long should a processed radiograph be washed for in circulating water

A

20-30 min

101
Q

Wat are methods of silver recovery

A

Metallic replacement
Electrolytic recovery
Chemical precipitation

102
Q

Lateral rads should be viewed so that

A

The spine runs parallel to the top of the light box and head points towards viewers left hand side

103
Q

The subbing layer of a piece of x Ray film could also be called

A

Adhesive layer

104
Q

What’s the minimum lead equivalent of an apron

A

025mm LE

105
Q

What substance is commonly used in protective clothing

A

Lead

106
Q

What imaging technique produces cross-sectional views of a patients body?

A

Computed tomography

107
Q

What technique involves patient having a radioactive isotope introduced to the body?

A

Radionuclide imaging

108
Q

What study would you use contrast medium barium sulphate for?

A

Gastrophagy

109
Q

What is a non-ionic water soluble iodine contrast medium?

A

Iopamidol

110
Q

Xrays and gamma rays are

A

High in frequency, short in wavelength

111
Q

Xrays are produced by

A

X Ray machines

112
Q

Xrays are produced when fast moving

A

Electrons hut a target at high speed

113
Q

The ‘high potential difference’ is measured in

A

Kilovolts

114
Q

What is the filter made of through which all x rays have to pass, prior to leaving tube head?

A

Aluminium

115
Q

What metals line the tube head?

A

Lead

116
Q

Which of the following gases is not used in contrast studies

Carbon dioxide
Room air
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide

A

Carbon monoxide

117
Q

What contrast media should be used for myelogram?

A

Iopamidol

118
Q

What part of the xray machine limits primary beam size and lessens secondary radiation. Exposure to personel?

A

Light beam diaphragm

119
Q

What may give an Increased chance of being exposed to ionising radiation?

A

Repeated exposures

120
Q

What would decrease the likelihood of radiogrpahs turning yellow over a period of time?

A

Allowing more time for radiograph to be fixed

121
Q

Which safelight filter is commonly used when handling ortho chromatic film?

A

Dark red

122
Q

Which safe light filter is commonly used when handling monochromatic film?

A

Brown

123
Q

Which is the correct sequence when processing a film manually

A

Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry

124
Q

What is the correct sequence when using an automatic processor

A

Develop, fix, wash, dry

125
Q

What term best describes the distance from the tube head to the film casette?

A

Film focal distance

126
Q

Dichroic fog is caused by

A

Insufficient washing

127
Q

Patchy film density may be caused by

A

Film is not agitated in developer

Radiography (3 decks)

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