Radiography Flashcards
1
Q
What bulb wattage would you use in a safe light?
A
15w
2
Q
The active ingredient in developer is
A
Phenidone - hydroquinone
3
Q
Optimum temperature for a manual processing developer is
A
20oc
4
Q
The active ingredient in fixer is
A
Ammonium thiosulphate
5
Q
How long should a radiograph be washed for prior to drying
A
15-30 min
6
Q
What stage is omitted from an automatic processor
A
Rinse/stop bath
7
Q
At what temperature should automatic processing chemicals be kept?
A
28oc
8
Q
The quantity of xrays produced depends on
A
Miliamperage and length of the exposure
9
Q
Blurring of one part of the film will occur due to
A
Poor screen film contact
10
Q
Out of metal, bone, fat and soft tissue which is the most radiolucent?
A
Fat
11
Q
Which combination will give you the best definition?
A
Slow film, slow screen
12
Q
Which one affects the quality of the xray beam?
A
The kilovoltage
13
Q
White patches on a film may be caused by
A
Fixer splashes onto film before processing
14
Q
Which one has a higher atomic number than bone?
A
Metal
15
Q
Blackening of the film is caused by
A
Kilovoltage and miliamperage
16
Q
The max dose of radiation a member of general public over 18 may receive in a year is
A
5msv
17
Q
What could you use to reduce radiation hazards by the greatest amount?
A
Use of rare earth screens
18
Q
Which affects radiographic contrast?
A
Kv
19
Q
What will help to improve definition of x Ray image?
A
Use of a non screen film
20
Q
An xray film is too dark that you have processed. How would you correct this error?
A
Reduce exposure time
21
Q
A processed film is very grey with poor contrast between image and background
What could be the cause?
A
Film fogged by radiation
22
Q
A rad of an aesthesthetised animal is blurred what might be the cause?
A
Poor film/screen contact
23
Q
What mark or artefact would insufficient washing after fixation leave on a finished radiograph?
A
Yellow stains
24
Q
What are the two major components of an x Ray film emulsion?
A
Gelatin and silver halides
25
What are advantages of rare earth screens?
Decreased patient dose
Improved image quality
Reduced tube current
26
What film fault is responsible for white spots on radiograph?
Dirt on intensifyinh screen
27
Chemicals that are a constituent of the fixer?
Ammonium thiosulphate
Boric acid
Sodium acetate
28
Which is the fixing agent used in a fixer?
Ammonium thiosulphate
29
Which is removed from the film during fixing?
Silver halide
30
Where would you find an intensifying screen?
In an x Ray casette
31
You have developed a radiograph using the wet tank methid and film has turned out yellow. What is this due to?
Fixing time is too short
32
When taking a ventro dorsal rad if the cervical spine, the disc spaces will be viewed most accurately if
The neck is supported with sand bags
33
When positioning a dog for a bva/kennel club hip radiograph, the beam should be centred on
The public symphysis
34
Use of rare earth screens may decrease exposure factors by
90%
35
The speed of the intensifying screen is increased by
A thick fluorescent layer of large crystals
36
What effect will faster speed have on the definition of film image
Decreased
37
What is the exposure fault of a rad with a pale image, of high contrast on a dark background?
Kv too low
38
The use of a grid requires an increase in the
Mas
39
The latent image of the exposed radiation is the result of
Exposure to light/x Ray photons
40
If you were developing non screen film manually, how much longer would you leave the film in developer compared to screen film?
Double the normal developing time
41
What crystal may be found in the rare earth screens?
Gadolinium oxysulphide
42
What exposure function affects the amount of x rays produced?
Ma
43
The reflective layer of intensifying screen is to
Reflect light photons back towards the film
44
The latent image of the exposed radiation is of
Exposure to light/x Ray photons
45
When developing a non screen film manually how much longer would you leave film in developer compared to screen film?
Double the normal developing time
46
What crystal may be found in the rare earth screens?
Gadolinium oxysulphide
47
What function affects the amount of x rays produced?
MA
48
The reflective layer of the intensifying is
To reflect light photons back towards the film
49
The visible differences between the varying shades of film image is called the
Contrast
50
The cloud of electrons Is produced at
The cathode
51
How much electron energy is lost via heat production?
99%
52
What is the filter made of that x Rays have to pass through when leaving the tube head?
Aluminium
53
The anode is
Negatively charged
54
The target (anode) is set at which angle?
20oc
55
What does kv control?
Penetrating power
56
Which grid type will not result in presence of visible parallel lines on a radiograph?
Potter bucky
57
The exposure for a lateral chest xray has 60kv 16mA at ffd of 75cm. What is correct mA if ffd is changed to 60cm
10mA
58
Too high kv produces a film
Low in contrast
59
Gas will show on a rad as
Nearly black
60
Soft tissue on a rad will show as
Mid grey
61
Underdeveloped film will produce an x Ray that's
Too pale
62
Stationary anode produces
Limited x ray production
63
The envelope that contains anode and cathode is made from
Pyrex
64
The focusing Cup in x Ray tube head is commonly made from which one of the following metals
Nickel
65
The anode is made from what metal?
Tungsten
66
The anode of the xray tube head attracts
Electrons
67
1% energy used in tube head creates x Rays, the other 99% of energy is converted into
Heat
68
In a stationary anode the target is embedded in a stem of
Copper
69
The usable x ray beam comes from an area of the anode called the
Effective focal spot
70
What does the kv NOT control?
Quantity of electrons produced at cathode
It does control the speed at which electrons travel, the penetration power of xray beam and the energy of the electrons
71
What is the light sensitive part of x Ray film emulsion?
Silver halide crystals
72
What film type is sensitive to green light?
Ortho chromatic film
73
Which study would you use non screen film for?
Dorsal ventral view of the internal nares
74
The phosphor calcium tungstate emits which colour of light when it fluoresces?
Blue
75
What are advantages of using intensifying screen?
Reduces exposure time
Reduced movement blur
Decreased tube voltage
76
Fast screen film combinations:
Have large silver halide crystals and large screen phosphor crystals
77
Slow screen film combinations -
Have small silver halide crystals and small screen phosphor crystals
78
Intensifying screens
Reduce exposure time
Reduce overall definition of finished radiograph
They're very fragile and easily damaged
They are Not used singly
79
Screen film contact can be checked by
Placing chicken wire over the x Ray casette, exposing film briefly to primary beam and then processing film
80
If a proprietary brand of screen /casette cleaner is not available what produce would be best?
Options are hibiscrub, water, pevidine or saline
Water
81
After cleaning casette what is best way to leave it to dry
Open standing upright, like a book
82
Functions of x Ray casette
To hold intensifying screens and protect them from damage,
To exclude all light from casette
To maintain a close and uniform contact between screens and films
83
What is x Ray film not sensitive to?
Options are gamma rays, radio waves, uv light or pressure
Radio waves
84
A fast film requires
Short exposure time
85
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Is a parallel grid
86
Grids are useful at absorbing
Scattered radiation
87
What is a moving grid
A Potter bucky diaphragm
88
Which of the following is least expensive type of grid
A parallel grid
Crossed
Focused
Pseudo focused
A parallel
89
The usual time an x Ray film needs to be processed for is
3-5 mins
90
Developer is
Alkaline
91
A common chemical used as the stopping agent is
Acetic acid
92
Fixing a film is done for which reason
Dissolve and removed the unexposed silver halides from x Ray film
93
The emulsion of non screen film is thicker than that of screen film. What changes would you make to the processing time
Increase the devolment time and increase fixing time
94
The accelerator potassium carbonate is often included in developer to
Increase alkalinity of developer
95
Preservatives are included in developer to
Slow down the time it takes for developer to oxidise
96
Restrainers are used in the developer to
Decrease amount of developmental fog
97
A common preservative in fixer is
Sodium sulphite
98
A radiograph can be viewed briefly in dark room after approximately how long in the fixer?
1minute
99
Buffers are included in the fixer to
Maintain PH of fixer
100
How long should a processed radiograph be washed for in circulating water
20-30 min
101
Wat are methods of silver recovery
Metallic replacement
Electrolytic recovery
Chemical precipitation
102
Lateral rads should be viewed so that
The spine runs parallel to the top of the light box and head points towards viewers left hand side
103
The subbing layer of a piece of x Ray film could also be called
Adhesive layer
104
What's the minimum lead equivalent of an apron
025mm LE
105
What substance is commonly used in protective clothing
Lead
106
What imaging technique produces cross-sectional views of a patients body?
Computed tomography
107
What technique involves patient having a radioactive isotope introduced to the body?
Radionuclide imaging
108
What study would you use contrast medium barium sulphate for?
Gastrophagy
109
What is a non-ionic water soluble iodine contrast medium?
Iopamidol
110
Xrays and gamma rays are
High in frequency, short in wavelength
111
Xrays are produced by
X Ray machines
112
Xrays are produced when fast moving
Electrons hut a target at high speed
113
The 'high potential difference' is measured in
Kilovolts
114
What is the filter made of through which all x rays have to pass, prior to leaving tube head?
Aluminium
115
What metals line the tube head?
Lead
116
Which of the following gases is not used in contrast studies
Carbon dioxide
Room air
Oxygen
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
117
What contrast media should be used for myelogram?
Iopamidol
118
What part of the xray machine limits primary beam size and lessens secondary radiation. Exposure to personel?
Light beam diaphragm
119
What may give an Increased chance of being exposed to ionising radiation?
Repeated exposures
120
What would decrease the likelihood of radiogrpahs turning yellow over a period of time?
Allowing more time for radiograph to be fixed
121
Which safelight filter is commonly used when handling ortho chromatic film?
Dark red
122
Which safe light filter is commonly used when handling monochromatic film?
Brown
123
Which is the correct sequence when processing a film manually
Develop, stop, fix, wash, dry
124
What is the correct sequence when using an automatic processor
Develop, fix, wash, dry
125
What term best describes the distance from the tube head to the film casette?
Film focal distance
126
Dichroic fog is caused by
Insufficient washing
127
Patchy film density may be caused by
Film is not agitated in developer
