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FINALS - SPRING 2016 > Radiography 2 > Flashcards

Radiography 2 Flashcards

1
Q

To make a visible change in density, one must increase or decrease mAs by ____%.

A

30%

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2
Q

Is mAs directly or indecently proportional to patient dose?

A

Directly

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3
Q

KVp is the main controlling factor of _______.

A

Contrast

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4
Q

KVp also affects density mainly because it also controls ______.

A

Scatter

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5
Q

Inverse Square Law:

If you double the distance, you cover ____ the area with ____ the intensity

A

4x

1/4

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6
Q

15% Rule involves _____.

A

KVp

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7
Q

30% Rule involves ____.

A

mAs

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8
Q

15% Rule
Below 90 kVp:
+10 kV =
-10kV =

A

Cut mAs in 1/2

Double mAs

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9
Q

15% Rule
Above 90 kVp:
+15 kV =
-15 kV =

A

Cut mAs in 1/2

Double mAs

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10
Q

Inverse Square Law:

If you cut distance in 1/2, you cover ____ the area with _____ the intensity.

A

1/4

4x

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11
Q

Increased OID = _______ density

Due to Air Gap & scatter bypassing IR

A

Decreased

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12
Q

Increased speed screen = ________ mAs, pt dose, and detail

A

Decreased

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13
Q

Decreased speed screen = ______ mAs, pt dose, and detail

A

Increased

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14
Q

Increased collimation (smaller field size) = ______ density

A

Decreased

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15
Q

Decreased collimation (larger field size) = ______ density

A

Increased

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16
Q

ARRT calls density __________ or “RE”

A

Receptor Exposure

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17
Q

As part density increases, IR density _________.

A

Decreases

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18
Q

As part density decreases, IR density (RE) ________.

A

Increases

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19
Q

Degrees of differences in density

A

Contrast

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20
Q 
High KV:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ scale
\_\_\_\_\_\_ contrast
\_\_\_\_\_\_ colors
\_\_\_\_\_\_ latitude
\_\_\_\_\_\_ pt dose
\_\_\_\_\_\_ scatter
\_\_\_\_\_\_ penetration
A 
Long
Low
Many
Wide
Decreased
Increased
More
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21
Q 
Low KV:
\_\_\_\_\_\_ scale
\_\_\_\_\_\_ contrast
\_\_\_\_\_\_ colors
\_\_\_\_\_\_ latitude
\_\_\_\_\_\_ pt dose
\_\_\_\_\_\_ scatter
\_\_\_\_\_\_ penetration
A 
Short
High
Few
Narrow
Increased
Decreased
Less
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22
Q

TBMFG

A 
Teeth
Bone
Muscle
Fat
Gas
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23
Q

Increased grid ratio = _______ contrast (less scatter)

A

Increased

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24
Q

Decreased grid ratio = _______ contrast (more scatter)

A

Decreased

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25
Q

Increased collimation = ________ contrast

A

Increased

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26
Q

Decreased collimation = ________ contrast

A

Decreased

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27
Q

Additive Pathology requires a/an _______ in technique

A

Increase

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28
Q

Destructive Pathology requires a/an _______ in technique

A

Decrease

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29
Q

3 geometric factors that control recorded detail:

A 
Focal Spot (small)
OID (short)
SID (long)
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30
Q

Additive Pathology ex: (2)

A

Pneumonia

CHF

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31
Q

Destructive Pathology ex: (3)

A

Emphysema
COPD
Osteoporosis

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32
Q

As focal spot size increases, unsharpness (penumbra) _________ and recorded detail (umbra) _______.

A

Increases

Decreases

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33
Q

As focal spot size decreases, unsharpness (penumbra) _________ and recorded detail (umbra) _______.

A

Decreases

Increases

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34
Q

Penumbra

A

Unsharpness

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35
Q

Umbra

A

Recorded Detail

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36
Q

As SID increases, unsharpness (penumbra) ______ and recorded detail (umbra) _______.

A

Decreases

Increases

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37
Q

As SID decreases, unsharpness ______ and recorded detail ________.

A

Increases

Decreases

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38
Q

As OID decreases, unsharpness ______ and recorded detail ________.

A

Decreases

Increases

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39
Q

As OID increases, unsharpness ______ and recorded detail ________.

A

Increases

Decreases

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40
Q

Greatest enemy of detail is _______.

A

Motion

41
Q

3 ways to overcome motion

A

Short exposure time
Clear concise instructions
Immobilization

42
Q

Size distortion

A

Magnification

43
Q

To overcome dose distortion (magnification)

A

Use short OID and long SID

44
Q

Shape distortion

A

True distortion

45
Q

Shape distortion is caused by

A

Mal-alignment of tube, part, and/or IR

46
Q

2 types of shape (true) distortion

A

Elongation

Foreshortening

47
Q

Increased collimation =
______ scatter, density and patient dose
______ contrast

A

Decreased

Increased

48
Q

Decreased collimation =
______ scatter, density and patient dose
______ contrast

A

Increased

Decreased

49
Q

Piece of lead that is not a type of variable collimator

A

Aperture Diaphragm

50
Q

Form a round pattern on the IR

A

Cones and cylinders

51
Q

A VARIABLE collimator

A

Box-type collimator

52
Q

Automatic Collimator aka

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)

53
Q

Automatic Collimator / PBL can only be used in the _______

A

Bucky

54
Q

Organic grid interspacers

A

Cardboard

Balsa wood

55
Q

Inorganic grid interspacer

A

Aluminum

56
Q

Focused grid (does / does not) have a required focusing distance

A

Does

57
Q

Peripheral Grid Cut-off

A

Acceptable density in the middle, too light on the edges

58
Q

If you use SID or if you use it upside down, you will get:

A

Peripheral grid cut off

59
Q

Grid that does not have a required focusing distance

A

Parallel / non-focused

60
Q

You cannot angle with a ________ grid

A

Crossed / Cross Hatch

61
Q

With regular grids you never angle _____________ - only caudal or cephalic

A

Across grid lines

62
Q

Cross hatch is most _________.

A

Restrictive

63
Q

______ and ______ are stationary, whereas Bucky grids are moving

A

Portable

Tabletop

64
Q

The higher the grid ratio, the more _____ it is to use

A

Restrictive

65
Q

If a part measures ______ or more, use a grid

A

10 cm

66
Q

Grid Ratio

A

Height of BP strips / distance between pb strips

67
Q

Amount of blackness on image after processing

A

Density

68
Q

Types of grid cut off errors: (3)

A

Off level
Off center
Off focus

69
Q

Air-gap technique uses _______ OID to allow scatter to by-pass the IR and act as a grid

A

Increased

70
Q

Most common ex of air gap technique is _____________.

A

Later C-Spine

71
Q

6” air gap = _____ grid

A

6:1

72
Q

________ Radiography uses an Imaging Plate (IP).

A

Computed

73
Q

_______ has a phosphor layer made of Barium Fluorohalide Crystals doped with Eurpoium, called a Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) where the latent image is formed

A

CR

74
Q

Exposed IP then put in reader where a __________ scans over PSP to release stored energy as ________.

A

Neon laser

Visible light

75
Q

A ___________ tube (PMT) collects light and converts it into an electronic signal and sends it to an __________ Converter (ADC) for viewing.

A

Photomultiplier

Analog-to-Digital

76
Q

An _____________ passes over PSP to remove any remaining energy

A

Intense white light

77
Q

__________ Radiography uses Flat Panel Detectors that have a Thin-Film Transitor (TFT)

A

Direct Digital (DR)

78
Q

Flat Panel Detectors have a TFT layer divided into ____________.

A

Detector Elements (DELs)

79
Q

_______ DR involves a 2 step process of converting X-ray first into visible light then into electric charges during image acquisition

A

Indirect

80
Q

_______ DR is typically made of Cesium Iodine or Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)

A

Indirect

81
Q

______ DR uses Amorphous Selenium (a-Se) to convert exit radiation directly into electrical charges

A

Direct

82
Q

CR and DR have a much _____ dynamic range than analog (film-screen) imaging

A

Wider

83
Q

Increasing the Signal To Noise Ratio (SNR) _____ visibility of an atomic details

A

Increases

84
Q

Film has emulsion on both sides

A

Duplitized

85
Q

Duplitized films are used in ______ cassettes.

A

Regular

86
Q

_______ cassettes use single emulsion films.

A

Extremity

87
Q

Matching screen color to film sensitivity

A

Spectral matching

88
Q

Intensifying screen converts X-rays into _____.

A

Light

89
Q

Calcium Tungstate gives off _____ light

A

Blue

90
Q

Rare Earth gives off _____ light

A

Green

91
Q

Emission of light from screen when stimulated by radiation

A

Luminescence

92
Q

Giving off light only while being exposed

A

Fluorescence

93
Q

Phosphorescence

A

Screen lag / glowing too long

94
Q

Factors affecting screen speed: (6)

A 
Phosphor size
Thickness of active layer
Type of phosphor
Reflective layer
Light absorbing layer 
KVp
95
Q

Graininess of image due to fast screen system

A

Quantum Mottle or “Noise”

96
Q

To control Quantum Mottle or “Noise” …

A

Increase mAs and decrease kVp

97
Q

_____ imaging plates use Barium Fluorhalide doped with Europium as the Photostimulable Phosphor

A

CR

98
Q

Indirect Conversion System uses Cesium Iodine which creates light that interacts with amorphous silicon (a-Si) to create electric charge

A

DR

99
Q

______ conversion system uses amorphous selenium (a-Se) to produce electric charge

A

Direct

FINALS - SPRING 2016 (3 decks)

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