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ROENTGENOLOGY > Radiographic Interpretation > Flashcards

Radiographic Interpretation Flashcards

1
Q

Middle of the tooth, ____ and it has a space and it would be radiolucent (dark).

A

Pulp Canal

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2
Q

Surrounding the pulp space is the ____ and can be seen all throughout

A

Dentin

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3
Q

The highest in mineral content, so it is the most opaque (white) of the structures

A

Enamel

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4
Q

unable to see or identify ____ because it is the least mineralize and is very thin

A

Cementum

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5
Q

There’s nothing, very radiolucent (dark)

A

Air space

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6
Q

if the arrow is pointed at the chamber, then we label this as ____.

A

Pulp Chamber

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7
Q

if the arrow is pointing near the root, then it is called ____.

A

Root Canal Area

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8
Q

If root canal and pulp chamber is combined, then it is called ____.

A

Pulp Canal

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9
Q

It is very radiopaque (white), since it is a very dense cortical bone.

A

Lamina Dura

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10
Q

It is continuous and it goes around the anatomy of the root

A

Lamina Dura

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11
Q

The area that follows the anatomy of the tooth

A

Lamina Dura

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12
Q

Around the lamina dura is the spongy bone where the bony trabeculae is seen

A

Trabecular Bone

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13
Q

Everything is the spongy bone, but that is interspersed within area of cortical bone of bony trabeculae

A

Trabecular Bone

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14
Q

Also called as nasopalatine foramen

A

Incisive Foramen

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15
Q

Found at the lingual part of the central incisors

A

Incisive Foramen

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16
Q

since it is a foramen, then it has a space and it would appear radiolucent (dark)

A

Incisive Foramen

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17
Q

Appears like an elongated structure

A

Incisive Foramen

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18
Q

Looks like an oblong area, fade gray area; depending on the exposure time and it can appear also very dark, but notice it is found in the root area

A

Incisive Foramen

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19
Q

There is a degree of difference in the radiolucency

A

Incisive Foramen

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20
Q

Must identify that this is an anatomical landmark and not a cyst

A

Incisive Foramen

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21
Q

Inside that the incisive canal, this a smaller foramina.

A

Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal

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22
Q

Sometimes it can be mistaken for a lesion or cyst because they are round and very small.

A

Superior Foramina of the Incisive Canal

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23
Q

Posterior to the incisive foramen

A

Median Palatine Suture

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24
Q

It’s a slit-like

A

Median Palatine Suture

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25
Q

The thin line in the middle of the incisive foramen.

A

Median Palatine Suture

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26
Q

Apparently, it looks like it is found between the central incisors, but because of the direction of the x-ray beam, then it would not appear as bisection.

A

Median Palatine Suture

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27
Q

Divides the left and right palatine processes.

A

Median Palatine Suture

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28
Q

When using a vertical angulation that is very high and the PID is positioned in the landmark of the central incisors (tip of the nose), then the nasal area of the nasal cavity is seen.

A

Nasal Cavity

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29
Q

It divides the nasal cavity to a right and left area.

A

Nasal Septum

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30
Q

Band of dense cortical bone.

A

Nasal Septum

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31
Q

A very radiopaque (white) structure in the apical area.

A

Nasal Septum

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32
Q

Protrusion on the anterior parts of the apices of the central incisors on the midline.

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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33
Q

Pointed structure, V-shaped.

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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34
Q

Sometimes this can be identified as incisive foramen.

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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35
Q

The incisive foramen is found on the lower part, compared to the ____.

A

Anterior Nasal Spine

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36
Q

Thin plates of bone

A

Inferior Nasal Conchae

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37
Q

Fan like structure

A

Inferior Nasal Conchae

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38
Q

It is inside or within the nasal cavity

A

Inferior Nasal Conchae

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39
Q

The soft tissue cannot be seen, but depending on the contrast of the film, then a very thin line is seen

A

Soft Tissue Outline

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40
Q

Ala cartilage of the nose (black arrows)

A

Lateral Fossa

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41
Q

Prominent depression between the lateral incisor and canine.

A

Lateral Fossa

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42
Q

Why is this seen? because the lateral incisor has a smaller root and the canine has a bigger root, this causes a depression or a fossa that is now called the ____.

A

Lateral Fossa

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43
Q

From canine to premolar area

A

Nasolabial Fold

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44
Q

On some radiographs, these lines (pointed by the arrows) may be seen.

A

Nasolabial Fold

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45
Q

Because some will think it’s an artifact, meaning it’s not supposed to be there, but it is the.

A

Nasolabial Fold

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46
Q

When will this be clear? depending on the contrast of the image, different degrees of gray are seen.

A

Nasolabial Fold

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47
Q

refers to the maxillary sinus, inverted because of its form

A

Inverted - Y or Antral - Y

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48
Q

this signifies the junction of the anterior part of the maxillary sinus

A

Inverted - Y or Antral - Y

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49
Q

Looks like a letter Y

A

Inverted - Y or Antral - Y

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50
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus start?

A

Anterior edge right above the canine

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51
Q

At the anterior edge right above the canine, that’s why it forms together with the anterior part of the nasal area

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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52
Q

Have the inverted Y is seen

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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53
Q

A very radiolucent part extending to the posterior teeth

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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54
Q

Usually seen near the apices, starting from the premolar or even the canine, down to the molars

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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55
Q

Notice in an edentulous area, the border of the sinus appears to dip down, that is called pneumatization.

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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56
Q

Notice in an edentulous area, the border of the sinus appears to dip down, that is called ____.

A

Pneumatization

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57
Q

It is not a structure, it is like a dipping down of the sinus when there is an edentulous area of the posterior teeth

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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58
Q

Just like if the septa within in the nasal cavity, the ____ is also interspersed with thin plates of bone.

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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59
Q

It is not an artifact

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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60
Q

Notice the ____ approximates or is very near the apices of the premolars up to the molars

A

Maxillary Sinus and Border of the Maxillary Sinus

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61
Q

The posterior part of the maxillary alveolar bone.

A

Maxillary Tuberosity

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62
Q

The thin line above the maxillary tuberosity is the pneumatization of the ____.

A

Maxillary Tuberosity

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63
Q

This is very clear when getting a radiograph of the 3rd molar.

A

Maxillary Tuberosity

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64
Q

When taking radiographs of the 1st molar,
sometimes the maxillary tuberosity is unable to be seen.

A

Maxillary Tuberosity

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65
Q

The attachment of the muscles of mastication

A

Lateral Pterygoid Plates

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66
Q

Posterior to the maxillary tuberosity

A

Lateral Pterygoid Plates

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67
Q

Posterior to the maxillary tuberosity

A

Lateral Pterygoid Plates

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68
Q

It is a fan-like structure

A

Lateral Pterygoid Plates

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69
Q

Part of the sphenoid bone, which is the attachment of the muscles.

A

Hamulus

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70
Q

It is a hook-like structure, just very near or appears to be near the maxillary tuberosity area. Notice it’s already taking the 3rd molar area

A

Hamulus

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71
Q

Very posteriorly located

A

Hamulus

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72
Q

On the radiograph, it is a thick bone

A

Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla

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73
Q

It is very radiopaque (white) from the form, and that will relate to the form it gives in a periapical radiograph.

A

Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla

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74
Q

It depends on the positioning of the film and the overlap of the structures.

A

Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla

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75
Q

It is a curved plate of very dense bone

A

Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla

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76
Q

In the radiograph, this very radiopaque, like a hook/curve, that is the zygomatic process, and if you look at your cheekbone, it extends usually more posterior or is at the same area of your zygomatic process.

A

Zygoma/Zygomatic Bone/ Cheekbone/ Malar Bone

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77
Q

Because of the change of the horizontal or vertical angulation, then of course the structure will also change depending on the angulation used.

A
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78
Q

Which is the very radiopaque thick, curved bone

A

Zygomatic Process

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79
Q

the zygomatic process, which is the very radiopaque thick, curved bone; then just posterior to that is the ____.

A

Zygoma

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80
Q

Is a radiolucent structure part of zygoma

A

Maxillary Sinus

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81
Q

Then the radiopaque structure, when it is seen, look at the palate of the patient

A
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82
Q

Because if they have any torus palatinus, then that will also be seen in the radiograph

A
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83
Q

Since it is a thick structure, bony exostosis or thickening of bone, then it will also appear radiopaque

A
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84
Q

Here is another view of the torus palatinus and the nasal concha

A
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85
Q

The ____ is very thin and grayish;
The ____ is a very radiopaque structure.

A

Nasal Concha and Torus Palatinus

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86
Q

These canals are not always clear, but when there is very good contrast, these very minute radiolucent areas are seen

A

Nasal Canal for the PSAN

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87
Q

These are not fracture lines.

A

Nasal Canal for the PSAN

88
Q

It can be anywhere; it can appear within the sinus, between teeth.

A

Nasal Canal for the PSAN

89
Q

Those areas are where the nerves and blood vessels pass as they go the teeth being supplied, they are called ____.

A

Nasal Canal for the PSAN

90
Q

If the dentist does not look at the patient clinically, these may be mistaken as enamel defects.

A

Lower Lip Lines

91
Q

A band right across the crowns of the teeth

A

Lower Lip Lines

92
Q

Don’t look for the lip structure, these are just shadows of the lip structure

A

Lower Lip Lines

93
Q

Very thick plate of bone

A

Lower Border of the Mandible

94
Q

Right on the edge of the apical part

A

Lower Border of the Mandible

95
Q

Radiolucent (dark) dot in the middle

A

Lingual Foramen

96
Q

Elevation of bone

A

Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine

97
Q

Found on the lingual

A

Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine

98
Q

These are attachments for the muscle

A

Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine

99
Q

Radiopaque (white) structure around the lingual foramen

A

Genial Tubercles/Mental Spine

100
Q

Approximately a bit part of the posterior teeth

A

Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge

101
Q

They are not below to the anterior border of the mandible

A

Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge

102
Q

Found on the inner side of the mandible

A

Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge

103
Q

When palpating the area, there is an elevation on the lingual side

A

Internal Oblique Ridge/Mylohyoid Ridge

104
Q

At the buccal side

A
105
Q

Counter part of the mylohyoid ridge; different appearances

A
106
Q

Two bands of radiopaque: the higher one is the ____ and the one that is nearer to the apices is the ____.

A

External Oblique Ridge and Internal Oblique Ridge

107
Q

Between the area of the mylohyoid ridge, there is a deepening of the area which is the ____.

A

Submandibular Fossa

108
Q

Where the submandibular gland is located

A

Submandibular Fossa

109
Q

Since this is a fossa and it is adjacent to the mylohyoid ridge, it is radiolucent.

A

Submandibular Fossa

110
Q

Bigger area than the mandibular canal

A

Submandibular Fossa

111
Q
  • upper right: more radiolucent
  • lower right: degree of change of radiolucency and inferior to the mylohyoid ridge
A

Submandibular Fossa

112
Q

What are the three structures at the outer part of the Mandible:

A
  • Mental Ridge
  • Mental Fossa
  • Mental Foramen
113
Q

Elevated portion and found on the anterior radiograph.

A

Mental Ridge

114
Q

Deepening and since it is a deepening there is a less bone on that area, so it would appear radiolucent.

A

Mental Fossa

115
Q

The exit of the mental nerve, between the premolars on the buccal side.

A

Mental Foramen

116
Q

Common location is between the apices of the lower premolars o sometimes ____ is right on the apex and that could be mistaken as a chronic periapical lesion or abscess.

A

Mental Foramen

117
Q

When taking a radiograph of the premolar and there is a radiolucency at the tip, it is important to determine if it is the abscess or the foramen.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

118
Q

So, the dentist must take another radiograph and change the horizontal angulation (moving the cone mesially or distally) o one is the normal and the other is the radiograph of the changed horizontal angulation

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

119
Q

The location of this will change or shift together with the shape of the cone

A

Foramen

120
Q

it will remain the same or attached

A

Periapical Lesion

121
Q

As the inferior alveolar nerve enters the foramen, it courses along the length of the mandible to go to supply the mandibular posterior teeth o it courses around and exits as the mental nerve.

A

Mandibuolar Canal

122
Q

The inferior alveolar nerve is seen as passing around the ____.

A

Mandibular Canal

123
Q

How to determine Mandibular Canal:

A
  • here are two thin plates of bone
  • presence of mandibular nerve
  • seems to have two lines just around it
124
Q

brown arrow:
green arrow:
broad band/ violet:
red arrow:

A
  • Mandibular canal
  • Submandibular fossa
  • Mylohyoid ridge/internal oblique ridge
    (near the apices)
  • External oblique ridge
125
Q

One structure of the mandible

A

Coronoid Process

126
Q

Overlaps the maxillary arch and can be seen when taking a maxillary radiograph

A

Coronoid Process

127
Q

Has a thick plate of bone on the lingual side. It is hard, radiopaque and can be mistaken as a normal anatomic structures.

A

Mandibular Tori

128
Q

The dentist must take another radiograph to have a diagnostic radiograph.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

TRUE

129
Q

It will allow the dentist to view the structures that will be seen in a specific area

A

Diagnostic Radiograph

130
Q

It can only be diagnostic if it meets all the three criteria:

A
  • Properly placed
  • Exposure to film to the x-ray
  • Processing the film
131
Q

What are the 2 Film Exposure Error

A
  • Exposure Problems
  • Time and Exposure Factor Problems
132
Q
  1. Unexposed film
  2. Film exposed to light
A

Exposure Problems

133
Q
  1. Overexposed film
  2. Underexposed film
A

Time and Exposure Factor Problems

134
Q

Cause: unexposed film to opened under light

A

Blank Film

135
Q

When the film is opened and it is white; Sometimes, it is in the greenish side

A

Blank Film

136
Q

That’s why never attempt to open an unexposed film with natural light. Only open the film. In the processing room, because there are sensitive areas on the film that is sensitive to light.

A

Blank Film

137
Q

Cause: film exposed to light or prolonged exposure time.

A

Dark Film

138
Q

Do not use the term black film

A

Dark Film

139
Q

Cause: less exposure time

A

Light Film/Unexposed Film

140
Q

Can still see the images, but they are very light

A

Light Film/Unexposed Film

141
Q

Do not use the term white

A

Light Film/Unexposed Film

142
Q

3 Common Technique Errors:

A. Film placement
B. Angulation problem
C. PID alignment problem

A
143
Q
  1. Absence of apical structures
  2. Dropped film corner
A

Film placement

144
Q
  1. Incorrect horizontal angulation
  2. Incorrect vertical angulation
A

Angulation problem

145
Q

The 2 Incorrect vertical angulation

A

a. Foreshortened image
b. Elongated image

146
Q
  1. Cone cut
A

PID alignment problem

147
Q

Cause: film positioned too high or too low occlusally

A

Absence of Apical or Crown Structure

148
Q

Cause: film not placed parallel to occlusal surfaces

A
149
Q

End point of the periapical radiograph should show the occlusal or incisal edges are parallel to the edge of the film and it should not slanted.

A

Dropped Film Corner

150
Q

Cause: inverted film

A

Wrong Location of Identification Dot

151
Q

The identification dot should always be in the incisal or occlusaL.

A

Wrong Location of Identification Dot

152
Q

Cause: incorrect horizontal angulation

A

Overlapping of Contact Areas

153
Q

X-ray beam should be directly hitting the contact areas of the molars.

A

Overlapping of Contact Areas

154
Q

The contact areas should appear radiolucent and not radiopaque.

A

Overlapping of Contact Areas

155
Q

Cause: incorrect vertical angulation; too high

A

Foreshortened Image

156
Q

The teeth will look small, unless the patient really has small teeth.

A

Foreshortened Image

157
Q

Cause: incorrect vertical angulation; too low

A

Elongated image

158
Q

Cause: the film is not centered to the cone

A

Cone Cut

159
Q

Where should the film be in relation to the cone?

A

Center

160
Q

Only a part of the film is exposed to the radiation

A

Cone Cut

161
Q

Cause: too much pressure on the finger stabilization

A

Bent or Distorted Film

162
Q

Especially if patient is supporting the film with their fingers

A

Bent or Distorted Film

163
Q

The film gets bent

A

Bent or Distorted Film

164
Q

When using finger stabilization, apply just enough pressure to support the film or else it will have a bent image.

A

Bent or Distorted Film

165
Q

Cause: film is sharply bent and emulsion was cut

A

Film Crease

166
Q

Cause: when the patient is holding the film with their two fingers

A

Phalangioma

167
Q

When the radiation passes through, the bone of the finger or thumb, whichever is exposed to radiation, will also be taken.

A

Phalangioma

168
Q

Uncommon or is very hard to have a

A

Phalangioma

169
Q

Bone of the finger is seen

A

Phalangioma

170
Q

Cause: when tube side and film side is reversed o the film side facing the x-ray beam - tire-track or herringbone appearance

A

Reversed Film

171
Q

Cause: carelessness; using the film twice, or double exposure.

A

Double Exposure

172
Q

The moment a film is taken, separate it from the rest.

A

Double Exposure

173
Q

Cause: movement of
the cone or movement of the patient

A

Blurred Film

174
Q

2 common Processing Errors:

A

A. Time and temperature errors
B. Chemical contamination errors

175
Q
  1. Underdeveloped film
  2. Overdeveloped film
  3. Cracked film
A

Time and temperature errors

176
Q
  1. Developer spot
  2. Fixer spot
  3. Yellow-brown stains
A

Chemical contamination errors

177
Q

Cause: exposed too long in the developer solution

A

Overdeveloped film

178
Q

Cause: exposure too less in the developer solution

A

Underdeveloped film

179
Q

The solution and water should be the same temperature.

A
180
Q

Cause: the developer and water are of different temperature o tend to crack the emulsion

A

Cracked Film/Reticulation

181
Q

Cause: carelessness; developer solution hit on the developed film

A

Developer Spots (Dark Spots)

182
Q

Developer spots is also known as ____.

A

Dark Spots

183
Q

The moment processing is done and film is washed, do not expose it to the developing solution.

A

Developer Spots (Dark Spots)

184
Q

Cause: carelessness; fixer solution hit on the
developed film

A

Fixer Spots (White)

185
Q

Are also knows as white spots.

A

Fixer Spots

186
Q

Cause: insufficient rinsing or exhausted solution and these are very common

A

Yellow-Brown Stains

187
Q

Cause: area was not properly fixed or placed in the fixer solution

A

Fixer Cut (Black Line)

188
Q

Cut is black, compared to the fixer spots which are white

A

Fixer Cut (Black Line)

189
Q

Cause: a certain part was not properly immersed in the developer solution

A

Developer Cut (White Line)

190
Q

Underdeveloped portion is white

A

Developer Cut (White Line)

191
Q

Cause: when processing two or more
films

A

Overlapped Film

192
Q

Films are not dried properly and stick together, then put in the fixer.

A

Overlapped Film

193
Q

Cause: immersed films quickly into the developer, creating air bubbles

A
194
Q

Just dip the films slowly into the developer solution and shake or swish it, to remove air bubbles that somehow might get trapped

A

Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)

195
Q

Film artifact; any artificial product

A

Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)

196
Q

A structure or appearance that is not natural, but is due to manipulation

A

Air Bubbles (Tiny White Spots)

197
Q

Cause: holding the film with bare hands, thus cutting the emulsion

A

Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)

198
Q

Use the film clip and clip it in the identification dot

A

Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)

199
Q

Radiolucent on the bottom of the pic is the fingernail artifact.

A

Fingernail Artifact (Black-Crescent Shape)

200
Q

Cause: holding the film

A

Fingerprint Artifact

201
Q

The solution is very sensitive, which could cause an imprint.

A

Fingerprint Artifact

202
Q

Very seldom

A

Static Electricity

203
Q

Cause: when there is difference in humidity; the film is suddenly opened, causing cracks on the film

A

Static Electricity

204
Q

Cause: the film is not yet totally dried

A

Film Scratches

205
Q

One of the most common

A

Film Scratches

206
Q

Film is kept moist after processing and was
accidentally touched

A

Film Scratches

207
Q

A part of the film was removed

A

Film Scratches

208
Q

Cause: during processing, part of the film was exposed to light.

A

Part of the Film was Exposed To Light

209
Q

When processing, make sure the door in the
processing area is closed and nobody will enter.

A

Part of the Film was Exposed To Light

210
Q

Because the moment someone goes in and the film is still in the developer solution, then this will happen.

A

Part of the Film was Exposed To Light

211
Q

But when the film is already in the fixer solution, then it is already safe.

A

Part of the Film was Exposed To Light

212
Q

Cause: either there was scattered radiation, or an old or expired film was used

A

Fogged Film (Blurred)

213
Q

The solutions will not work well on the processing

A

Fogged Film (Blurred)

214
Q

Storage of film is important

A

Fogged Film (Blurred)

215
Q

Do not put them in hot areas, because when the film is developed, the image will be blurred

A

Fogged Film (Blurred)

ROENTGENOLOGY (3 decks)

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