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ROENTGENOLOGY > LEC 1 > Flashcards

LEC 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A German Physicist

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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2
Q

The Father of Radiography

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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3
Q

When did Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with a cathode rays to prove that powerful rays could penetrate glass?

A

November 8, 1895

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4
Q

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen experimented with ____ to prove that powerful rays could penetrate glass.

A

Cathode Rays

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5
Q

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen was also experimenting with the ____ and the reason why he was using a vacuum tube.

A

Flow of current

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6
Q

What was he using during the experiment with the flow of current?

A

Vacuum Tube

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7
Q

Partially free of air

A

Vacuum Tube

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8
Q

The presence of a ____ and ____ was able to produce light at a distance and stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen.

A

High voltage power and a Vacuum Tube

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9
Q

A presence of a high voltage power and a
vacuum tube was able to produce ____ at a distance and stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen.

A

Light

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10
Q

He stated that something travelled from the vacuum tube to where that glow of light was seen. He called/considered it
a ____

A

Ray

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11
Q

Science/study of radiation as used in
medicine.

A

Radiology

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12
Q

Art and science of making radiographs by
exposure of films to x-rays.

A

Radiography

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13
Q

The making of radiographs of teeth
and adjacent structures by the exposure of film to x-rays.

A

Dental Radiography

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14
Q

A picture on a film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object.

A

Radiograph

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15
Q

Form of energy carried by waves or streams of
particles through space or substances.

A

Radiation

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16
Q

High-energy form of radiation produced with
the power to penetrate substances and record image on a photograph film.

A

X-Radiation

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17
Q

Dental radiographs are one of the important ____ for a dentist.

A

Diagnostic tool

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18
Q

A dental clinic will not be complete without a ____.

A

X-ray machine

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19
Q

It is taken to further check on what he
suspects. Without this, the dentist will not know
that there’s an underlying dental caries/carious lesion
under a filling.

A

Radiograph

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20
Q

You can only take specific tooth/ teeth or you can go as far as requesting for a radiograph where you can see a bigger area like a panoramic xray to an xray of the whole skull.

A

Radiography

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21
Q

It is needed for the diagnosis for orthodontic
cases where the dentist wants to correct malocclusions.

A

Dental Radiographs

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22
Q

All matter is composed of atoms, or tiny invisible particles.

A

Radiation Physics

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23
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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24
Q

A Fundamental unit of matter.

A

Atom

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25
Q

A dense core of the atom, is composed
of particles known as protons and neutrons

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

A Nucleus that is dense core of the atom, is composed of particles known as ____ and ____.

A

Protons and Neutrons

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27
Q

It carry positive electrical charges.

A

Protons

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28
Q

It carry no electrical charge.

A

Neutrons

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29
Q

It is tiny, negatively charged particles
that have very little mass

A

Electrons

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30
Q

The more protons, the more unstable the atoms tend to be.

TRUE OR FALSE

A

True

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31
Q

Everything found in the periodic table can be in:

A
  • Neutral State
  • Unbalanced State
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32
Q

Examples under Unbalanced state:

A
  • Excitation
  • Ionization
  • Radioactivity
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33
Q

Contains an equal number of protons and electrons.

A

Neutral (Stable) Atom

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34
Q

Total electric charge of the atom is zero.

A

Neutral (Stable) Atom

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35
Q

In Neutral Atom the total electric charge of the atom is ____.

A

Zero

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36
Q

An atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced.

A

Ion

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37
Q

The production of ions, or the process of converting an
atom into ions.

A

Ionization

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38
Q

Process by which ions are formed by gain or loss of an electron from an atom or molecule.

A

Ionization

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39
Q

Movement of an electron from a lower energy level to a
higher energy level by absorbing energy

A

Excitation

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40
Q

Energy that causes an electron to move from one orbit to next.

A

Excitation

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41
Q

The process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration, or decay, to attain a more balanced nuclear state.

A

Radioactivity

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42
Q

Atomic numbers above 83 are ____

A

Radioactive

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43
Q

74

A

Tungsten

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44
Q

An element that becomes very important to understand how x-rays are produced and its interaction with matter

A

Tungsten 74

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45
Q

Unstable atom

A

Tungsten 74

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46
Q

The force that attract the electrons towards the nucleus and keeps them in their orbit.

A

Centripetal force

47
Q

The force that allows the electrons to stay in its
orbit and move around the nucleus without being moved out.

A

Centrifugal force

48
Q

Electrons are maintained in their orbits by the electrostatic force, or attraction, between the positive nucleus and the
negative electrons.

A

Binding Energy

49
Q

Electrons are maintained in their orbits by the ____ or ____ between the positive nucleus and the
negative electrons.

A

Electrostatic force / attraction,

50
Q

It is determined by the distance between
the nucleus and the orbiting electron and is different for
each shell.

A

Binding Energy

51
Q

Are measured in
electron volts (eV) or kilo electron volts (keV).

A

The binding energies of orbital electrons

52
Q

The binding energies of orbital electrons are measured in ____.

A

Electron volts (eV) or kilo Electron volts (keV).

53
Q

It is the amount of force needed to keep
the electron in its orbit. At the same time, it represents the amount of energy or force needed to at least remove an electron from its orbit.

A

Binding Energy

54
Q

To be able to move an electron out, that force should be stronger or within that value.

A

Binding Energy

55
Q

The emission and propagation of energy through space or
a substance in the form of waves or particles.

A

Radiation

56
Q

What are the types of radiation:

A
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Non-ionizing Radiation
57
Q

What are the Ionizing Radiation:

A
  • Particulate Radiation
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
58
Q

What are the Electromagnetic Radiation:

A
  • Wave concept
  • Particle concept
59
Q

Radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom.

A

Ionizing Radiation

60
Q

Release of electrons from an atom

A

Ionizing Radiation

61
Q

Breaks through matter to break molecular bonds

A

Ionizing Radiation

62
Q

This very strong force of radiation can be explained as ____.

A

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

63
Q

Damages plants and animal life and human cells.

A

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

64
Q

Used to treat cancer, sterilize equipment, and identify fractures (to take radiographs and diagnosis)

A

Particles or Electromagnetic waves

65
Q

Tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines and at high speeds.

A

Particulate Radiation

66
Q

It transmit kinetic energy by means of their extremely fast-moving, small masses.

A

Particulate Radiation

67
Q

What are the types of Particulate Radiation:

A
  1. Alpha particles/rays
  2. Beta particles
  3. Neutrons
68
Q

Positively charged particles

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

69
Q

Identical to nucleus of normal (atomic mass four) helium atom

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

70
Q

Highest ionization power

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

71
Q

Least penetration power (can be stopped by a piece of paper)

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

72
Q

Cause serious damage if it gets in the body due to high ionization power

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

73
Q

Since these have high ionization power and they are positively
charged, they have weight, they are of greater weight, but since they are of greater weight, they cannot go deeper to structures and can be easily stopped but still can cause a lot of ionization. They can also cause damage when it gets in the body.

A

Alpha Particles/Rays

74
Q

Examples and uses of Alpha Particle/Rays:

A
  • Smoke detectors
  • Used to power heart pacemakers
75
Q

Negatively charged particles

A

Beta Particles

76
Q

Produces less ionization and penetrates deeper than alpha particle
- Penetrates skin, paper, clothes

A

Beta Particles

77
Q

Stopped by aluminum (metal), plastic, or wood

A

Beta Particles

78
Q

Less weight, lighter

A

Beta Particles

79
Q

Examples of Beta Particles:

A
  • Carbon 14 tracing
  • Medical uses: Treatment of cancer, Graves’ disease, eye
    problems
  • Medical examination procedure (Positron emission
    tomography)
80
Q

Presented as free neutrons

A

Neutron Radiation

81
Q

No charge

A

Neutron Radiation

82
Q

No ionization

A

Neutron Radiation

83
Q

Highly penetrating and most damaging nature to cellular
structure

A

Neutron Radiation

84
Q

Used in nuclear powerplants, atomic bombs and also used for some medical diagnostics

A

Neutron Radiation

85
Q

Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields that vibrates at right angles to each other in one direction.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

86
Q

It may either be ionizing and nonionizing

A

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

87
Q

What are the characterictics of EMR as WAVES:

A
  • Velocity
  • Wavelength
  • Frequency
88
Q

speed of light; speed of wave

A

Velocity

89
Q

Velocity - miles/sec

A

186,000

90
Q

Velocity - km/sec

A

299,800

91
Q

The distance between the crest of a wave to the next crest of another wave

A

Wavelength

92
Q

The highest point of a wave is crest.

A

Wavelength

93
Q

The highest point of a wave is ____.

A

Crest

94
Q

Determines the energy and
penetrating power of the radiation

A

Wavelength

95
Q

is measured in nanometers (nm; 1 ×
10-9 meters, or one billionth of a meter) for short waves and in meters (m) for longer waves.

A

Wavelength

96
Q

The number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time

A

Frequency

97
Q

The longer the wavelength

A

The lower the frequency

98
Q

The shorter the wavelength

A

The higher the frequency

99
Q

All travel at a speed of light and they would only differ in ____ and ____.

A

wavelength and frequency

100
Q

Long wavelength and low frequency

A

Non-Ionizing / Soft Rays

101
Q

Short wavelength and high frequency

A

Ionizing / Hard Rays

102
Q

Have greater or stronger energy based on their frequency and wavelength than Non-
Ionizing/Soft Rays

A

Ionizing / Hard Rays

103
Q

This characterizes electromagnetic radiation as particles (discrete bundles of energy) that travel at the speed of light in a straight path or beam carrying a specific amount of
energy

A

Particle Concept of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

104
Q

The particle concept characterizes electromagnetic radiations as discrete bundles of energy called ____

A

photons or quanta

105
Q

Causes excitation of an atom; acts on outer shell electrons

A

Non-ionizing Radiation

106
Q

What are the examples of Non-Ionizing Radiation

A
  • Radio Waves
  • Microwaves
  • Infrared
  • Sound Waves
  • Visible Light (Aurora Borealis)
  • UV light
107
Q

A high-energy, ionizing electromagnetic radiation.

A

X - RADIATION

108
Q

Weightless bundles of energy without an electrical charge that travels in waves or particles with a
specific frequency at the speed of light.

A

X-rays/ X - RADIATION

109
Q

X - RADIATION Frequency:

A

10^-8 to 10^-12 meter; 0.1 to 0.001 nm

110
Q

Radio Broadcast is measured in

A

Meters

111
Q

Microwaves are measured in

A

Centimeters

112
Q

Visible Light is measured in

A

Micrometers

113
Q

Ultraviolet light is measured in

A

Micrometers

114
Q

X-rays are measured in

A

Nanometers

ROENTGENOLOGY (3 decks)

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