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Physics > Radiobiology > Flashcards

Radiobiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what radiation does to electrons within organic tissue

A
  • Ionising radiation interacts with organic tissue
  • Ionisation occurs (Atoms within tissue matter loses electrons)
  • Electrons are liberated (released)
  • Further ionisation and excitation occurs
  • Damage is caused to organic molecules
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2
Q

What 2 Radiation Damage Effects are there?

A

Direct Action

Indirect Action

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3
Q

Describe Direct action

A

A direct hit on the cell’s essential molecules (DNA); such a hit would result in cellular damage or even cell death

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4
Q

Describe Indirect action

A

Assumes cellular damage occurs as a result of the action of radiation on water (Fluid within the body)

Damage results from the indirect action of toxic compounds on cellular DNA and free radicals

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5
Q

What 2 types of DNA strand breaks are there?

A

Single strand break

Double strand break

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6
Q

What type of DNA strand break is easier to repair?

A

Double strand breaks (DSB’s) are more difficult to repair

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7
Q

Name the 3 types of DNA damage that can occur from radiation?

A

If damage is not repaired, may eventually cause cell
death/no longer able to go through cell division

If repair incorrect, mutation occurs due to changes to the genetic code

Damage to other structures/processes e.g. cell membrane, enzymatic activity decreased

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8
Q

What 3 things can happen to Irradiated cells?

A

If only few cells are killed, the organism will heal itself and survive

If more cells are killed, the organism may survive with prolonged symptoms

If many cells are killed, the organism will die

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9
Q

What’s the worst outcome for irradiated cells?

A

When damage is so extensive or when damage is repaired imperfectly and replicated that bio-effects become significant

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10
Q

What is radiosensitivity proportional too?

A

Mitotic activity / Degree of differentiation

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11
Q

What increases radiosensitivity within cells?

A

Cellular lines (Groups of cells) which divide regularly

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12
Q

What increases radioresistant within cells?

A

Cellular lines (Groups of cells) which have lost their ability to divide

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13
Q

At what phase are cells most radiosensitive?

A

M-PHASE (mitosis phase) and G2 phase is most radiosensitive

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14
Q

At what phase are cells most radio-resistant?

A

Late S-phase is most radio-resistant

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15
Q

What 2 things does radiosensitvity depend on?

A
  • On specific cellular radiosensitivity of that tissue

- Their particular function

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16
Q

What are Somatic cells?

A

All body cells except or germ cells

17
Q

What are Germ cells?

A

Reproductive cells within testis and ovary (NOT ‘GERMS’)

18
Q

What 5 main genetic effects due to radiation could occur before reproductive period?

A
  • Miscarriages
  • Stillbirths
  • Congenital defects
  • Premature death (death in the first year of life)
  • Chromosomal abnormalities and cancer in later life
19
Q

What 5 main genetic effects due to radiation could occur during the reproductive period?

A
  • Reduction in height
  • Severe mental retardation
  • Small head size
  • Impaired brain development
  • Indirectly related to IQ and school performance.
20
Q

What does the Linear Dose Response Curve assume?

A

Assumes some level of hazard is associated with ALL doses

21
Q

What does the Non-linear Threshold Dose Response Curve assume?

A

Assumes there exists some minimal (threshold) dose below which NO observable effects occur

22
Q

What are Deterministic Effects

A

Those effects whose severity increases with increases in dose

23
Q

What are Stochastic Effects

A

Those effects that appear to be random in nature

24
Q

What type of DNA break is cause by indirect action?

A

Single-strand breaks of DNA

25
Q

What type of DNA break is cause by direct action?

A

Double-strand breaks of DNA

26
Q

What is thought to produce damage primarily by indirect action

A

Low LET radiation

27
Q

What is thought to produce damage primarily by direct action

A

High LET radiation

28
Q

Name the stages of the cell cycle

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
29
Q

Describe each stage of cell mitosis

A

Interphase - G1, S, G2 phases DNA replication in S phase

Prophase - Centrioles separate, chromosomes shorten & thicken

Metaphase - Chromosomes line up on equator attached to spindle

Anaphase - Chromosomes separate & move to poles

Telophase - Nuclear envelope re-forms, chromosomes lengthen, centrioles formed, nucleoli reappear

30
Q

What 2 things makes cells more sensitve to radiation?

A
  • They reproduce frequently (High MITOTIC RATE)

- They are metabolically very active

Physics (10 decks)

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